1. Transfusion for Medical Students Nov 2013

2. Requesting blood for transfusion

3. What is a group and screen test? The patient’s blood group is checked and an antibody screen is performed on the patient’s plasma. The sample can be kept in the lab for up to 6 days and then a crossmatch can be subsequently requested What is a crossmatch test? The patient’s plasma is mixed with the donor’s red cells to make sure there is compatibility. When ordering state amount, time required, urgent / routine (look at surgical blood order schedule for elective surgery)

4. Case 1: 27-year-old patient has a massive post-partum haemorrhage with severe hypotension. Emergency Gp O RhD negative blood does not need to be crossmatched T Fully crossmatched blood would take 45 mins to be made available F If O RhD blood is given there is no need to take a crossmatch sample F Group specific blood can be made available in 15- 30 mins

5. ASSESS URGENCY Choose the right products COMMUNICATE Allocate a lead to liaise with lab & porters AVOID ERRORS Careful bedside labelling XM, FBC, coag screen – swiftly to lab REQUESTING BLOOD Group O Important antibodies may cause reaction Valuable resource Extreme emergency only Group specific ABO & RhD compatible Important antibodies may cause reaction ~15mins from sample arriving Crossmatched Fully screened for antibodies ~45-60 mins from sample arriving Safest product if time allows Preempt need for FFP (30mins to thaw; 12-15mL/kg = 4 units for average adult) Preempt need for platelets Pre transfusion testing On receipt of the pre-transfusion sample the following steps are undertaken : Check the historical records Group: Identify ABO and RhD group Screen: Check plasma for antibodies Crossmatch: Select component The patient’s serum or plasma can be saved for up to 6 days in case later cross-match is required Pre transfusion testing On receipt of the pre-transfusion sample the following steps are undertaken : Check the historical records Group: Identify ABO and RhD group Screen: Check plasma for antibodies Crossmatch: Select component The patient’s serum or plasma can be saved for up to 6 days in case later cross-match is required

6. Recognise blood loss Resuscitate, call for help Stop the bleeding – TXA, PCC Team approach Emergency runner Communicate with lab early and clearly Know where the Emergency O Neg is in your Trust Massive haemorrhage packs 1 and 2 Monitor coag tests and move to goal directed therapy Stand down

7. Case 2 67-year-old male, Mr Arvind Patel, (Group O) is admitted for elective hip replacement surgery. His Hb is 100 g/L. Because of excessive bleeding on the operating table the Consultant Anaesthetist asks for 2 units of blood. The theatre nurse collects 2 units of red cells labelled for Mr Suhail Patel and starts transfusion. Mr Suhail Patel is Group B.

8. What are the potential clinical consequences for Mr Arvind Patel and how would they be managed? A.There would be no problems as it is safe to give Group B blood to a Group O donor so the transfusion could continue F B.The transfusion must be stopped immediately T C.The partially transfused bag must be returned to the lab with a blood sample from the patient T D.Oozing from venepuncture sites might be a sign of a transfusion reaction T

9. Blood Groups Blood Group Antibodies AAnti-B BAnti-A ABNone OAnti-A Anti-B RhD positive or RhD negative A O AB B

10. How could the error have been avoided? A.The theatre nurse collecting the blood should make a note of the patient’s details so that she can identify the correct patient F B.The bag of blood should be checked against the patient’s notes F C.The bag of blood should be checked against the patient’s wrist band T D.There is no need to do the bedside check when the patient is anaesthetised F

11. Could the transfusion have been avoided in the first place? A.Yes because this type of surgery is suitable for cell salvage T B.Yes because a Hb of 100g/L is a safe level for a 67 year old man F C.No because the Hb alone is not the only trigger for transfusion T D.Tranexamic acid would help to reduce blood loss in this situation T

12. BLOOD “1 unit RBC” Usual time: 3hrs 4hr limit from removal from cold storage to end of transfusion Blood warmer for rapid transfusions COMMON INDICATIONS Acute blood loss Only with significant blood volume loss Consider cell salvage Anaemia Hb < 70 g/L Likely requires transfusion Consider correctible causes Anaemia Hb 70 - 100 g/L Consider correctible causes Transfuse if symptoms/needs eg IHD Pre-operative assessment Correction of anaemia reduces need for transfusion MBOS (Maximum Blood Ordering Schedule) Refer to Trust Blood Transfusion Policy

13. Case 3: 17-year-old female with heavy periods presents with Hb of 50 g/L and MCV 55 fl. Would you give a blood transfusion? A.Yes, I would give a blood transfusion – that Hb level is very low F B.No, I wouldn’t give a blood transfusion because she will respond to an alternative therapy T C.Oral iron will increase the Hb by 40g in 1 week F

14. Case 4: A full blood count states the platelet count to be ‘6 x 10 9 /L’ with an associated peripheral blood film comment of ‘platelet clumping seen’. A prophylactic platelet transfusion (1ATD) is indicated as the platelet count is <10 x 10 9 /L. T/F The answer is False

15. Fresh Frozen Plasma (FFP) is the optimal treatment available to treat life-threatening bleeding in patients on warfarin T/F The answer is False

16. Blood Components

17. BLOOD COMPONENTS Fresh Frozen Plasma “1 unit FFP” Usual time: 30 mins/unit Needs 30 mins to thaw in lab Usual dose 12-15 mL/kg (4-6 units for average adult) Main indications: coagulopathy with bleeding/surgery, massive haemorrhage, TTP. Not warfarin reversal. Cryoprecipitate “1 pool cryoprecipitate” Usual time: 30 mins/bag Needs 30 mins to thaw in lab Adults: 1 pool = 5 donor units Usual adult dose: 2 pools (10 donor units) Main indication: coagulopathy with fibrinogen < 1.5 g/L Platelets “1 ATD platelets” Usual time: 30 mins 1hr limit Usual dose: 1 adult treatment dose (ATD) Shelf-life only 7 days from donation Used as prophylaxis or treatment of bleeding / pre procedure in patients with thrombocytopenia Prothrombin Complex Concentrate (PCC) Plasma-derived Vit K dependent factors: II VII IX X For emergency reversal of life-threatening warfarin over-anticoagulation (do not use FFP) Issued by transfusion lab – supply in A&E See trust policy Prothrombin Complex Concentrate (PCC) Plasma-derived Vit K dependent factors: II VII IX X For emergency reversal of life-threatening warfarin over-anticoagulation (do not use FFP) Issued by transfusion lab – supply in A&E See trust policy Platelets Massive haemorrhage Keep platelet count above 75 x 10 9 /l Bone marrow failure platelet count <10 × 10 9 /l or <20 × 10 9 /l if additional risk, e.g. sepsis Prophylaxis for surgery Minor procedures 50 x 10 9 /l; More major surgery 80 x 10 9 /l; CNS or eye surgery 100 x 10 9 /l Cardiopulmonary bypass Platelets should be readily available use only if bleeding

18. Special Blood Requirements All patients with Hodgkin’s Disease should receive irradiated blood T All patients born after 1996 should have virally inactivated, non-UK sourced Plasma T All Stem Cell Transplant / Bone marrow transplant recipients require CMV negative blood F Pregnant women have no special blood requirements, so there is no need to inform the transfusion laboratory of their pregnancy or gestation on the request form F

19. SPECIAL REQUIREMENTS CMV NEGATIVE To keep at-risk patients CMV free (~50% of us are CMV negative) Children < 1yr Intrauterine transfusions Congenital immunodeficiency and unless known to be CMV IgG +ve: Pregnant women having elective transfusion IRRADIATED To prevent transfusion-associated graft versus host disease (rare) in specific T-cell immunodeficiency cases Intrauterine transfusions Congenital immunodeficiency Hodgkin Lymphoma Stem cell / marrow transplant patients After purine analogue chemo (eg: fludarabine) Fairly specific indications… Paeds, Haem, Onc, O&G… …but “it is the responsibility of the prescribing doctor” Fairly specific indications… Paeds, Haem, Onc, O&G… …but “it is the responsibility of the prescribing doctor” Refer to Trust Blood Transfusion Policy

20. Risks of Transfusion The risk of transmission of HIV with transfusion of red cells is 1 in 5 million donations in the UK (0.2 per million donations). T A patient becomes acutely short of breath following a transfusion of FFP. Chest X-ray shows bilateral pulmonary infiltrates and you give diuretics with some effect. The case should be reported as a clinical incident via the hospital reporting system, so it can be followed up appropriately. T All donors are now screened for vCJD F

21. Risks of Transfusion A patient complains of feeling unwell during their transfusion. Their observation chart shows their temperature, BP, pulse rate and respiratory rate to be stable. No specific action is required. F A patient develops mild urticaria following a platelet transfusion. You should administer IV chlorphenamine (piriton) and IV hydrocortisone. F Anaphylaxis is most likely to happen in the first 15 minutes of transfusion T

22. Serious Adverse Events from blood transfusion reported in UK 1996-2011 Risk of giving wrong blood is much greater than transfusion transmitted infection

23. TRANSFUSON REACTIONS Suspected severe reaction Pyrexia, rigors Hypotension Loin / back pain Increasing anxiety Pain at the infusion site Respiratory distress Dark urine Severe tachycardia Unexpected bleeding (DIC) Mild reaction Temp rise < 1.5°C Urticaria Rash Pruritis STOP TRANSFUSION Review obs Paracetamol Chlorpheniramine? Restart cautiously STOP TRANSFUSION Right patient? Right blood product? Whole set to lab New set with saline Full bloods as policy Checklist (see policy) Incident form Refer to Trust Blood Transfusion Policy Trust Blood Transfusion Policy OR www.transfusionguidelines.org.uk OR Ask for help Trust Blood Transfusion Policy OR www.transfusionguidelines.org.uk OR Ask for help

24. Yes Severe / life-threatening Call for urgent medical help Initiate resuscitation- ABC Discontinue transfusion and maintain venous access Monitor the patient : TPR, BP, urinary output, oxygen sats Anaphylaxis follow anaphylaxis pathway If bacterial contamination policy likely start antibiotic treatment Inform hospital transfusion department Return unit and administration set to transfusion Perform appropriate investigations

25. Not Life threatening or Severe

26. Resources Trust Guidelines and Policies The Transfusion Handbook www.transfusionguidelines.org.uk Your Hospital Transfusion Team