1. Mikhail Rybin Euler School March-April 2004 Saint Petersburg State University, Ioffe Physico-Technical Institute Photonic Band Gap Structures

2. Overview 1.Photonic crystals and photonic bandgap 2.Artificial opals 3.Photonic bandgap structure of artificial opals: Transmission experiments 4. 3D diffraction of light in opals: visualization of photonic band gap structure 5. Conclusions

3. Bragg Diffraction Wavelength does not correspond to the period Reflected waves are not in phase. Wave propagates through. Wavelength corresponds to the period. Reflected waves are in phase. Wave does not propagate inside.

4. Bragg Reflection

5. Energy gap Gap in energy spectra of electrons arises in periodic structure

6. PBG formation

7. Energy gap in electromagnetic spectrum Increasing of the dielectric contrast could lead to the overlapping of energy gaps in any direction in 3D space.

8. Width of complete band gap Calculation of bandwidth in dependence of dielectric constants S. John et al. PRE (1998)

9. Density of States in fcc structure There is no states in any direction within complete photonic band gap S. John et al. PRE (1998)

10. 2D PHB Structures Macro-porous silicon material with incorporated defect line Sharp band waveguide channel in 2D photonic crystal

11. Artificial Phonic Structure E.Yablonovitch et al., PRL (1987, 1991) Fabrication of artificial fcc material and band gap structure for such material.

12. 3D Photonic materials S.Noda, Nature (1999) E. Yablonovitch, PRL(1989) K. Robbie, Nature (1996) Examples of artificial photonic crystals

13. Bragg diffraction through all electromagnetic region

14. Natural Opals

15. Artificial Opal Artificial opal sample (SEM Image) Several cleaved planes of fcc structure are shown

16. Artificial Opal Images of artificial opal. Left: as-growth surface (111) of the sample (SEM image) Right: surface of the (110)-oriented plane sample (AFM image)

17. Growing process

18. Fabrication of artificial opals Silica spheres settle in close packed hexagonal layers There are 3 in-layer position A – red; B – blue; C –green; Layers could pack in fcc lattice: ABCABC or ACBACB hcp lattice: ABABAB

19. Inverted Opals Inversed opals obtain greater dielectric contrast than opals.

20. Diffraction on growth layers Energy of the gap in transmission and energy of the maximum in reflection spectra are coincided Transmission for different incident angles: 1.0 0 2.20 0 3.30 0 4.40 0 5.54 0

21. Band structure of diamond lattice Photonic band structure of diamond lattice (refractive index ~3.45) John et. al. PRE (1998)

22. Scan planes

23. Angular-resolved transmission spectra Bandgap position for different incident angle directions

24. Structure of Photonic Bandgap

25. Experimental Set

26. Experiment

27. Geometry of “2-spots” and “4- spots” Diffraction patterns in two different scattering geometry (Art image)

28. “2 spots” pattern

29. Diffraction Pattern (515 nm)

30. Geometry of “2-spots” and “4- spots” Diffraction patterns in two different scattering geometry (Art image)

31. “2 spots” pattern

32. Visualization of Photonic Band Structure in opals 1 = 515 nm 2 = 578 nm 3 = 633 nm

33. Features in diffraction patterns

34. Processing of images

35. Conclusions 1.Photonic band gap structures are new class of material possessed uncial photonic properties. Opal-based structures are 3D photonic crystals. 2. Photonic band gap structure was obtained for artificial opals in the visible range from angle-resolved transmission measurements. 3. Photonic band gap structure could be visualized by diffraction method. Diffraction patterns provides information about structure of photonic crystal.

36. Spontaneous Emission Control Emission is forbidden if energy of photonic bandgap and width of electron’s energy gap are coincided.