1. Personality

2. Psychoanalytic theory of personality
Freud –
believed that the unconscious mind really ruled our behavior
personality traits can be traced back to our childhood years
people’s behavior is governed by the unconscious mind and that many people are unaware of why they do things

3. Structure of personality
THE ID:
functions in the irrational and emotional part of the mind.
At birth - all Id - want want want.  The Id is the primitive mind.
the “pleasure principle”: “I want it and I want it all now”. 
Id equates to "Child". 
Evident at birth

4. Ego THE EGO: functions with the rational part of the mind.
The Ego develops out of growing awareness that you can’t always get what you want.
“reality principle”. 
Compromiser-negotiates between the Id and the Superego. 
Ego equates to "Adult".
Evident at 2 to 3 years of age

5. Superego THE SUPEREGO:
The Superego is the last part of the mind to develop-around ages 3-5. 
moral part of the mind.
Represents parental and societal values. It stores and enforces rules.
It constantly strives for perfection, even though this perfection ideal may be quite far from reality or possibility.
Can be equated to the parent.

6. Eros and Thantos One more thing about Freud – could possibly be on AP
Eros represents the life instinct sourcing from the libido, which stands for creativity, sexual desires and pleasure seeking
Thantos is the "death instinct", which signals a desire to give up the struggle of life and return to the grave. Produces aggressive and destructive urges

7. Freud Psychosexual Development
Stage 1 – Oral Stage (Birth-18 months) – erotic focus is the mouth.
Pleasure seeking activities include sucking, chewing, biting.
If needs are gratified too much or too little they continue to seek gratification as an adult

8. Anal Stage
Stage 2 – Anal Stage – (1 ½ years to 3) – erotic focus is on the anus – expelling or retaining feces.
If child gets locked into this stage, they continue to engage in behaviors associated with retention or elimination. They may become anal retentive or anal expulsive.

9. Stage 3 – Phallic Stage (3 to 6 years) – erotic focus is on the genital area.
Oedipal/Electra complex
Problems resolving the complex may lead to feelings of inferiority toward their own sex and having to prove something to the opposite sex.

10. Stage 4 – Latency Stage – (6 to puberty) – no erotic focus, represses sexuality
Child represses sexual urges and thoughts and engages in nonsexual activities such as developing social and intellectual skills

11. Stage 5 – Genital Stage (Puberty through adulthood) – Erotic focus is on genitals once again, but more about becoming sexually intimate with others
If other stages have been met successfully, adolescent will now be able to form loving, successful relationships

12. Freud’s Defense Mechanisms
Repression – pushing negative events back into the unconscious
Regression – when the person acts much younger than their age
Denial – when the person acts like there is no problem when they know that there is
Identification – when people who would not ordinarily bond do for a common goal

13. Defense Mechanisms
Reaction formation – when one acts in a way that is opposite of what they really think
Projection – when one accuses others of feeling how they actually feel
Rationalization – making excuses for one’s behavior so as not to look bad
Displacement – taking one’s feelings out on others

14. Adler’s theory Each of us is born into the
world with a sense of inferiority. 
We start as a weak and helpless child and strive to overcome these deficiencies by become superior to those around us. 
Called this struggle a striving for superiority he saw this as the driving force behind all human thoughts, emotions, and behaviors.

15. This excessive feeling of inferiority can also have the opposite effect. 
Says we can develop an inferiority complex. 
This belief leaves us with feeling incredibly less important and deserving than others, helpless, hopeless, and unmotivated to strive for the superiority that would make us complete.

16. Superiority Complex
An exaggerated feeling of being superior to others.
A psychological defense mechanism in which feelings of superiority counter or conceal feelings of inferiority.

17. Adler and birth order
Believed that the order in which you are born to a family affects your personality. 
First born children who later have younger siblings may have it the worst.  These children are given excessive attention and pampering by their parents until the little brother or sister arrives. 

18. Suddenly they are no longer the center of attention and wondering why everything changed. 
They are left feeling inferior, questioning their importance in the family, and trying desperately to gain back the attention they suddenly lost.  The birth order theory holds that first born children often have the greatest number of problems as they get older.

19. Middle born children may have it the easiest, and interestingly, Adler was a middle born child. 
These children are not pampered as their older sibling was, but are still afforded the attention. 
As a middle child, they have the luxury of trying to dethrone the oldest child and become more superior while at the same time knowing that they hold this same power over their younger siblings. 
Adler believed that middle children have a high need for superiority and are often able to seek it out such as through healthy competition.

20. The youngest children, like the first born, may be more likely to experience personality problems later in life. 
This is the child who grows up knowing that he has the least amount of power in the whole family. 
He sees his older siblings having more freedom and more superiority. 
He also gets pampered and protected more than any other child did. 
This could leave him with a sense that he can not take on the world alone and will always be inferior to others. 

21. Karen Horney – Neurotic Needs
1. The neurotic need for affection and approval - need to please others and be liked by them.
2. The neurotic need for a partner, for someone who will take over one's life. This includes the idea that love will solve all of one's problems.
3. The neurotic need to restrict one's life to narrow borders, to be undemanding, satisfied with little, to be inconspicuous.

22. Horney cont’d
4. The neurotic need for power, for control over others, for a facade of omnipotence. Looks down on those who are weak.
5. The neurotic need to exploit others and get the better of them -it can become manipulation and the belief that people are there to be used.
6. The neurotic need for social recognition or prestige - overwhelmingly concerned with appearances and popularity.

23. Horney cont’d 7. The neurotic need for personal admiration.
8. The neurotic need for personal achievement - have to be number one at everything they and devalue anything they cannot be number one in
9. The neurotic need for self-sufficiency and independence – tend to refuse help from anyone
10. The neurotic need for perfection - driven to be perfect and scared of being flawed. They can't be caught making a mistake and need to be in control at all times.

24. Behavioral theories of personality
States that personality is nothing more than a collection of learned behavior
Personality is acquired through classical and operant conditioning

25. Behavior is deterministic
The underlying assumption of the learning perspective is that all behavior is learned through experiences and by interaction with the environment. 
Reciprocal determinism – we impact our environment and our environment impacts us

26. Humanistic perspective
Believe you are a product of all the choices you have made in your life
They also emphasize the subjective experience which is each person’s private perception of reality

27. Congruence vs. Incongruence
Congruence is when our perceptions of ourselves matches what others see in us
Incongruence is when our perceptions of ourselves does not match what others see

28. Incongruence
The incongruent person often has a wide discrepancy between their image of themselves and what others see in them
This often leads to the person to become confused, vulnerable, dissatisfied, or seriously maladjusted

29. Ideal self
Rogers also felt that one must have congruence between one’s self-image and the ideal self.
That is who we see ourselves as and who we want to be should be closely related

30. Rogers also believed that what others say and how they act towards you may develop conditions of self-worth.
Children learn that some actions will win love and approval from parents and others will lead to rejection
This may lead to a positive self-regard or a negative self-regard
A positive self-regard may be achieved by parent’s unconditional positive regard

31. McCrae and Costa
Introversion vs. extroversion: describes the extent to which people are shy (introverted) or outgoing (extraverted). Extroverted people tend to be talkative, sociable, enthusiastic, lively, cheerful, and adventurous.
Neuroticism: describes the extent to which people are unstable and emotional. People high in neuroticism may have difficulty controlling their impulses and may be seen by others as being somewhat negative. People who are high in neuroticism are worriers and complainers.

32. Agreeableness: describes the extent to which people are good-natured, gentle, secure, and friendly. People who are low in agreeableness tend to be stubborn, irritable, headstrong, abrasive, and suspicious; they tend also to have hostile relationships.
Conscientiousness: describes the extent to which people are responsible, persevering, scrupulous, dependable, and tidy. People who are low in conscientiousness tend to be irresponsible, undependable, unscrupulous, and careless.
Openness to experience: describes the extent to which people are original, imaginative, questioning, artistic, and capable of creative thinking. People who are low in openness to experience tend to be conforming, unimaginative, and predictable.

33. Personality Questionnaires
Paper-and-pencil tests
Tend to be more objective than other tests
Questions, administration and scoring is standardized
Test must be reliable and valid
One measure consistently used is the MMPI – the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory

34. Potential Questions on MMPI
Some of the actual questions are:
Everything tastes the same
There is something wrong with my mind
I enjoy animals
Whenever possible I avoid being in a crowd
Someone has been trying to poison me
I daydream often
These seem to be questions that people with disorders will commonly answer similarly