1. Cognitive Considerations 4a1c0906 顏嘉慧 4a1c0913 李珆瑄 4a1c0907 郭乃楨 4a1b0079 李婉綾 4a1c0075 葉子寧 4a1c0086 黃佩倫

2. Introduction Human cognition develops rapidly throughout the first sixteen years of life and less rapidly thereafter.

3. Jean Piaget- Course of Various Stages Sensor motor stage (birth to two) Preoperational stage (ages two to seven) Operational stage (ages seven to sixteen) Concrete operation stage (ages seven to eleven) Formal operational stage (ages eleven to sixteen)

4. Sensor motor stage (birth to two) To see/ feel/ touch/ hear is to believe A direct cognition

5. Preoperational stage (ages two to seven) Understand and know how to use symbolic signs Self- centered thoughts

6. Operational stage (ages seven to sixteen) Concrete operation stage (ages seven to eleven) Formal operational stage (ages eleven to sixteen)

7. Jean Piaget Conceptual development is a process of progressively moving from states of disequilibrium to equilibrium and that periods of disequilibrium mark virtually all cognitive development up through age fourteen or fifteen, when formal operations finally are firmly organized and equilibrium is reached.

8. Ausubel Adults learning a second language could profit from certain grammatical explanations and deductive thinking that obviously would be pointless for a child.

9. Ausubel(2) The distinction that he made between rote and meaningful learning. People of all ages have little need for rote, mechanistic learning that is not related to existing knowledge and experience.

10. Vocabulary Pedagogical 教學的 Variables 變數 Hindrance 妨礙 Egocentric 自我中心 Decentration 不專注 Anecdotal 軼事的 Counterevidence 反證

11. Ellen Rosansky Initial language acquisition takes place when the child is highly “centered”.

12. Ellen Rosansky(2) This lack of flexibility and lack of decentration may well be a necessity for language acquisition

13. Vocabulary Affirmatively 肯定地 Paradigms 範例 Puberty 青春期 Cognitive 認知的 Domain 領域 Equilibration 平衡 Equilibrium 均衡

14. More Information Young children are not “aware” that they are acquiring a language. It’s said that “a watched pot never boils”; is it possible that a language learner who is too consciously aware of what he or she is doing will have difficulty in learning the second language?

15. Vocabulary Disequilibrium 不安定；不均衡 Tolerant 可忍受的 ( intolerant 不可忍受的 ) Tolerance (n.) Ambiguity 模稜兩可；含糊不清 Acute 尖銳的；敏銳的 Complexities 複雜的事物

16. Vocabulary Mimicking 模仿 Contextualize 將 ( 音素、單詞 ) 置於適當 的上下文中 Untutored 未受教育的、天真無知的 Illuminating 啟發 Repetition 重複的事物；重複

17. Conclusion If an adults learning a foreign language by rote methods are compared with children learning a second language in a natural, meaningful context, the child’s learning will seem to be superior.

18. The Child Happens to Be Learning Language Meaningfully Thank you