1. Grid Resource Allocation Management (GRAM) GRAM provides the user to access the grid in order to run, terminate and monitor jobs remotely. The job request is sent to the gatekeeper of the machine. The gatekeeper creates a job manager to handle the job process. Image source: A Resource Management Architecture for Metacomputing Systems

2. Grid Resource Allocation Management (GRAM) Job is a binary executable or command to be run in a remote machine. The remote machine to be contacted should have Globus toolkit installed. The server, which manages the requests of clients, is called a “gatekeeper”. Gatekeeper’s job is: –to perform mutual authentication of user and resource, –determining a local user name for the remote user, –starting a job manager which executes as that local user and actually handles the request. A job manager is responsible for creating the actual processes requested by the user. Job submission modes: It can be either batch or non-batch. –Batch Jobs: A job-id is returned when the job is submitted. The output is obtained via the job-id afterwards. It is useful in process-intensive applications. –Non-batch Jobs: The client will wait for the remote gatekeeper throughout the whole process and then receive the output. The GRAM reporter is responsible for storing into MDS various information about scheduler structure and state You will be authenticated to the system using the following command: –grid-proxy-init Your certificate was created under /tmp directory. –ls –al /tmp

3. Resource Specification Language (RSL) RSL provides a common language for the description of jobs and resources. It enables the user to construct complex resource and runtime environment descriptions by introducing specific attribute-value pairings. Example: & (executable = /bin/ls (* <-- that is an unquoted literal *)) (arguments = /grid/users) (stdout = output.stdout) Before sending the query, first create a directory under /grid/users. Specify the name of the directory as your name. mkdir /grid/users/tugba Then, run the following command: globusrun -r concorde03.mcs.surrey.ac.uk '&(executable=/bin/ls)(arguments= /grid/users)(stdout= output.stdout)’ You will see the following output: GRAM Job submission successful GLOBUS_GRAM_PROTOCOL_JOB_STATE_ACTIVE GLOBUS_GRAM_PROTOCOL_JOB_STATE_DONE The output.stdout file is saved under your $HOME directory. Please see the contents. Question: Why isn’t it in your current directory?

4. Resource Specification Language (RSL) You can also save the RSL string to a file. The extension of the file should be.rsl. Save the following RSL string as test.rsl under /grid/users/. & (executable = /bin/ls (* <-- that is an unquoted literal *)) (arguments = /grid/users) (stdout = output.stdout) Then, run the following command: globusrun -r concorde02.mcs.surrey.ac.uk -f test.rsl You will see the following output: GRAM Job submission successful GLOBUS_GRAM_PROTOCOL_JOB_STATE_ACTIVE GLOBUS_GRAM_PROTOCOL_JOB_STATE_DONE

5. Resource Specification Language (RSL) Exercise 1: Execute a Java program on a remote machine. The Java program will write “Hello World” the command line. Create HelloWorld.java file under $HOME/gt3/samples. public class HelloWorld{ public static void main(String args[]){ System.out.println("\n\n\n"+args[0]); } Compile the Java program. javac HelloWorld.java Execute the job on the remote machine: globusrun -r concorde02.mcs.surrey.ac.uk '&(rsl_substitution=(OUTPUT_PATH /user/csckmst/css1tt/gt3/samples)(JAVA_PATH /opt/SUNWjava/j2sdk1.4.1_01/bin))(executable=$(JAVA_PATH)/java)(directory=$(OUTPUT_PATH)) (stdout=outputjava.stdout)(arguments=HelloWorld Hello)’ “rsl_substitution” enables the user to define generic attribute-value pairs. These attributes can be used elsewhere in the command. The RSL parser substitutes the attribute with its value before the execution of the command during compilation. “rsl_substitution” is preferred as it increases the readibility of the RSL string and avoids the repetitions of long declarations. “directory” is the job’s active directory. The output file will be saved under $HOME/gt3/samples. Exercise: Write the RSL part of the query to a file and execute the command using that file.

6. Resource Specification Language (RSL) The DUROC component of the Globus Toolkit allows resources to be coallocated for a single job. This means that the multiple resources can be allocated simultaneously for a single job and executed in parallel. Aim: Run two different jobs in parallel. Both jobs are to list the contents of a specific directory for “count” number of times and writes the output to the specified file. Create a RSL file called “duroctest.rsl”. Write the following lines to the file: + (&(resourceManagerContact="concorde02.mcs.surrey.ac.uk") (executable="/bin/ls") (count=20) (arguments= /dev) (environment=(GLOBUS_DUROC_SUBJOB_INDEX 0 ) ) (label="subjob 0") (stderr="durocex.err") (stdout="duroc1.out") ) (&(resourceManagerContact=concorde03.mcs.surrey.ac.uk) (executable="/bin/ls") (arguments= /sbin) (count=40) (environment=(GLOBUS_DUROC_SUBJOB_INDEX 1 ) ) (label="subjob 1") (stderr=durocex1.err) (stdout=duroc2.out) )

7. Resource Specification Language (RSL) Run the following command: globusrun -f duroctest.rsl While it is running, run “ps -u css1tt” (replace with your login name) on remote machines. You will see that your processes are running successfully.The output will be like: 14203 pts/0 00:00:00 tcsh 23556 ? 00:00:00 globus-job-mana 23573 ? 00:00:00 globus-job-mana 23609 ? 00:00:00 ls 23640 ? 00:00:00 ls 23671 ? 00:00:00 ls 23702 ? 00:00:00 ls 23733 ? 00:00:00 ls 23749 ? 00:00:00 globus-gass-cac Exercise: Write a Java program, which will count from 1 to any given number 10 number of times and write the results to the screen. Then, you are expected to run this application at least on three machines in parallel. The limit numbers have to be greater than 10000. The output has to be directed to a file, which is under $HOME/gt3/samples/RSLExample.

8. Resource Specification Language (RSL) Important RSL strings: –arguments: executable name –count: number of executions –directory: the directory where the jobmanager uses –environment: the environment variables required to execute the job –stderr: Remote file to store the standard error from the job. –stdin: Remote file to be used as an standard input –stdout: Remote file to store the output of the job.

9. Global Access to Secondary Storage (GASS) and GridFTP –GridFTP: GridFTP is a high-performance, secure protocol based on the Internet Engineering Task Force's FTP standards which uses the GSI (Grid Security Infrastructure) for authentication and new extensions to the FTP protocol for parallel data transfer, partial file transfer, and third-party (server-to-server) data transfer. –Data Replication: Multiple copies of data improves access on a distributed environment. The data replica, which is closest to the access point is selected when it is required. There are two data replication technologies: ‘replica catalog’ and ‘replica management tool’. –GASS: GASS allows applications to operate on remote files. GASS also provides cache management.

10. Global Access to Secondary Storage (GASS) and GridFTP Run the GASS server. globus-gass-server & Output will be a URL address. Copy HelloWorld.java to /grid/users/ Open another terminal in another machine such as concorde02 and run: grid-proxy-init Copy HelloWorld.java from concorde02 to concorde03. globus-url-copy https://concorde02.mcs.surrey.ac.uk:34344/grid/users/tugba/HelloWorld.java file://concorde03.mcs.surrey.ac.uk/grid/users/tugba/HelloWorld.java

11. Global Access to Secondary Storage (GASS) and GridFTP globus-url-copy” can be used for local file transfers as well. In such cases, it acts like “cp” command in Unix. globus-url-copy file://concorde02.mcs.surrey.ac.uk/grid/users/tugba/HelloWorld.java file://concorde02.mcs.surrey.ac.uk/user/csckmst/css1tt/gt3/HelloWorld.java GridFTP also allows you to open multiple streams between two different machines for transferring files. This property allows faster transfer between the machines. The number of streams can be specified with “-p” argument. globus-url-copy -p 3 https://concorde02.mcs.surrey.ac.uk:34344/grid/users/tugba/HelloWorld.java file://concorde03.mcs.surrey.ac.uk/grid/users/tugba/HelloWorld.java

12. References A Resource Management Architecture for Metacomputing Systems, K. Czajkowski, I. Foster, N. Karonis, C. Kesselman, S. Martin, W. Smith, and S. Tuecke; Proc. IPPS/SPDP '98 Workshop on Job Scheduling Strategies for Parallel Processing, 1998. IBM’s Grid Job submission using the Java CoG Kit: http://www-106.ibm.com/developerworks/java/library/ws- gridcog.html (prepared by Vladimir Silva)http://www-106.ibm.com/developerworks/java/library/ws- gridcog.html The Globus Resource Specification Language RSL v1.0 and Commands for Running Jobs: http://www-fp.globus.org/gram/rsl_spec1.html http://www.globus.org/v1.1/programs/globusrun.html http://www.globus.org/toolkit/docs/3.0/gram/rsl-schema.html