1. Who Left the Freezer Door Open? Dr. Robert Bindschadler Hydrospheric and Biospheric Sciences Laboratory NASA Goddard Space Flight Center Robert.A.Bindschadler@nasa.gov

2. Changes in polar regions are occurring at an accelerating rate. NASA is discovering, documenting and monitoring these changes.

3. Remote sensing has revolutionized polar research Near-polar orbiting satellites provide denser observations of the polar regions than of mid- or low-latitude regions. Remote sensing is a natural solution to the remoteness, harshness and dangers of polar regions.

4. Who has seen… The polar regions? beyond the Arctic or Antarctic Circles? “midnight Sun” or aurora? Documentary films? “March of the Penguins” Shackleton films or “Scott vs. Amundsen” Cousteau documentaries Hollywood Films? “The Day After Tomorrow” (ugh!) “Happy Feet” Exhibits? Shackleton A Friend Acting Strangely

5. Me

6. My Story The Cast Dollars and Sense A Double Whammy A Triple Whammy Polar Miscellany The Future

7. The Cryospheric Cast

8. Ice sheets and glaciers Primary impact: sea level Antarctica is the highest, brightest, coldest, driest, windiest continent on Earth 10% of Earth’s land area is ice-covered Ice sheets contain ~75% of all fresh water and can raise sea level 65 meters

9. Ice sheets and glaciers Sea ice Primary impact: heat balance (both local and global) Covers an area twice the size of the US

10. Ice sheets and glaciers Sea ice Primary impact: water resource Seasonal snow, lake and river ice Snow covers up to 40% of Northern Hemisphere land in winter

11. Permafrost Sea ice Seasonal snow, lake and river ice Primary impact: infrastructure engineering 20% of surface land mass is permanently frozen

12. Dollars and Sense The daily loss of land in Louisiana? –43 acres per day (33 football fields)

13. Dollars and Sense The daily loss of land in Louisiana? –43 acres per day (33 football fields) Cost of 1 meter rise in sea level to U.S. alone? –Approximately $400,000,000,000

14. Dollars and Sense The daily loss of land in Louisiana? –43 acres per day (33 football fields) Cost of 1 meter rise in sea level to US alone? –Approximately $400,000,000,000 Economic impact of an ice-free Arctic Ocean? –Priceless!! Polar regions matter!

15. A Double Whammy: Positive Feedbacks of Sea Ice colder atmosphere warmer ocean more heat less heat Sea ice as an insulator bright ice—highly reflective dark ocean—highly absorptive Sea ice as a reflector 5X Both processes amplify thermally- driven change - “positive feedbacks”

16. 1980 2002 2002, 2003 and 2005 set new records for minimal summer ice extent during the satellite era (i.e., past 30 years) Summer minimum decreasing at 9.2% per decade 37% of 2*CO 2 global warming caused by ice-albedo feedback Decline of Perennial Arctic Pack Ice 2003 1970 2004 AREA Source: J. Comiso

17. Sea Ice is Thinning Everywhere Changes in summer thickness Comparing 1958-1976 and the 1990’s Source: D. Rothrock

18. Winners and Losers of Ice-Free Arctic Ocean Ice-free Arctic Ocean in summer may occur as early as 2050

19. Ice Sheets and Sea Level Change Sea level rise has not been steady Periods of fast rise –Up to 50 times present rate –Can’t be due to melting alone Relatively steady over past 6000 yrs (2 mm/yr.) Rate of rise as important as magnitude

20. Where is the water coming from? Ocean Thermal Expansion Glaciers and Ice Caps Ice Sheets ? Present rate = 2 mm/year =3 mm/year

21. Sea Level Prediction IPCC report predicts accelerating sea level rise Probably underestimates future rates Last century This Century?

22. Sea Level Impact 1/3 of the world’s population lives in the “coastal zone” $400 billion –US only –1 meter only

23. What would be the signs of a collapsing ice sheet? Fingerprint of Collapse Thinning increasing towards coast (satellite altimetry) Flow acceleration (InSAR) Retreat of grounding line (Landsat) Calving of large icebergs (MODIS) Pine Island Gl. Thwaites Gl. Smith/Kohler Gl. All glaciers in this area exhibit these signs. All observations made by satellite sensors.

24. Satellite Data showing more Ice Sheet Acceleration/Thinning Change is concentrated at outlet glaciers exiting deep subglacial valleys

25. The Triple Whammy (part 1) Warmer ocean water melts the bases of thick outlet glaciers causing faster ice flow More rapid ice discharge thins ice sheet and raises sea level Cold, fresh water Warm, salty water Rapid melting

26. The Triple Whammy (part 2) Heat produces meltwater Some of this water flows along the glacier bed and accelerates ice flow Greenland ice loss by melting is increasing Source: R. Braithwaite

27. 2000 km 2 of Larsen Ice Shelf disintegrated in 2 days. Glaciers feeding lost ice shelves accelerate => “ice-shelf buttressing” The Triple Whammy (part 3) Disintegrating ice shelves Source: T. Scambos

28. Polar Miscellany

29. Worldwide Glacier Retreat Glaciers in all regions now retreating Satellite data increase the quality and quantity of retreat records Retreat is accelerating Source: M. Dyurgerov

30. Decreasing Snow Cover 10% decrease in NH winter snow extent since 1966—primarily in springtime Global snow amount remains unknown (+50%) Source: D. Hall

31. Permafrost is Melting "I went to school on the mainland, and when I came back, my house was gone.” (from Nome Nugget Newspaper)

32. The Day After Tomorrow Hollywood’s view of the future Sudden ice age!!??

33. The (Correct) Day After Tomorrow More heat = less ice

34. The (Correct) Day After Tomorrow More heat = less ice VOSTOK ICE CORE Source: R. Alley

35. © MSK Partners Warnings from the Ice

36. International Polar Year An international program of coordinated research to explore the polar regions, deepen understanding of polar interactions including their role in global climate, expand our ability to detect changes, and extend this knowledge to the public and decision makers.

37. Take Home Messages Polar regions are warming faster than the rest of the planet –Multiple positive feedbacks will maintain this disproportionate response This warming is causing major loss of ice, raising sea level and melting permafrost Recovery is difficult and slow Global consequences will continue and probably accelerate NASA will continue to monitor these changes and predict their consequences

38. Thank you! Questions?