1. Alan Robock Department of Environmental Sciences Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey USA robock@envsci.rutgers.edu http://envsci.rutgers.edu/~robock Climate Dynamics 11:670:461 Lecture 3, 9/11/14

2. Alan Robock Department of Environmental Sciences Fig. 2.3 (m)

3. Alan Robock Department of Environmental Sciences Seasonal 900 mb geopotential height (m) Fig. 2.4

4. Alan Robock Department of Environmental Sciences Seasonal 900 mb geopotential height (m) Fig. 2.4

5. Alan Robock Department of Environmental Sciences Seasonal 900 mb geopotential height (m) Fig. 2.4

6. Alan Robock Department of Environmental Sciences Fig. 2.3 (m)

7. Alan Robock Department of Environmental Sciences Seasonal 200 mb geopotential height (m) Fig. 2.5

8. Alan Robock Department of Environmental Sciences Seasonal 200 mb geopotential height (m) Fig. 2.5

9. Alan Robock Department of Environmental Sciences Seasonal 200 mb geopotential height (m) Fig. 2.5

10. Alan Robock Department of Environmental Sciences Seasonal 200 mb geopotential height (m) Fig. 2.5

11. Alan Robock Department of Environmental Sciences Fig. 2.6 Annual average 900 mb temperature. Interval 5 K.

12. Alan Robock Department of Environmental Sciences Fig. 2.7 Seasonal 900 mb air temperature (K)

13. Alan Robock Department of Environmental Sciences Fig. 2.7 Seasonal 900 mb air temperature (K)

14. Alan Robock Department of Environmental Sciences Fig. 2.7 Seasonal 900 mb air temperature (K)

15. Alan Robock Department of Environmental Sciences Fig. 2.7 Seasonal 900 mb air temperature (K)

16. Alan Robock Department of Environmental Sciences Fig. 2.8 Global, annual mean air temperature as function of height and pressure (The U.S. Standard Atmosphere)

17. Alan Robock Department of Environmental Sciences Fig. 2.9 Seasonal, zonal mean air temperature (K) p (mb)

18. Alan Robock Department of Environmental Sciences Fig. 2.9 Seasonal, zonal mean air temperature (K) p (mb)

19. Alan Robock Department of Environmental Sciences Fig. 2.9 Seasonal, zonal mean air temperature (K) p (mb)

20. Alan Robock Department of Environmental Sciences Fig. 2.10 Seasonal, zonal mean zonal wind (m/s) p (mb) 0 0

21. Alan Robock Department of Environmental Sciences Fig. 2.10 Seasonal, zonal mean zonal wind (m/s) p (mb) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

22. Alan Robock Department of Environmental Sciences p (mb) Seasonal, zonal mean zonal wind (m/s) 0 0 0 Fig. 2.10

23. Alan Robock Department of Environmental Sciences p (mb) Fig. 2.10 Seasonal, zonal mean zonal wind (m/s) 0 00 0

24. Alan Robock Department of Environmental Sciences Fig. 2.11 Seasonal, zonal mean meridional wind (m/s) p (mb)

25. Alan Robock Department of Environmental Sciences Fig. 2.12 Seasonal, zonal mean vertical wind (cPa/s) (1 cPa = 0.01 Pa = 10 -4 hPa = 10 -4 mb) p (mb)

26. Alan Robock Department of Environmental Sciences Fig. 2.13 Seasonal 900 mb geopotential height (m) and winds (m/s) Arrow in lower right is equivalent to 15 m/s Darker shades are lower height, which is equivalent to lower pressure

27. Alan Robock Department of Environmental Sciences Fig. 2.14 Seasonal 200 mb geopotential height (m) and winds (m/s) Arrow in lower right is equivalent to 20 m/s Darker shades are lower height, which is equivalent to lower pressure

28. Alan Robock Department of Environmental Sciences Fig. 2.14 Seasonal 200 mb geopotential height (m) and winds (m/s)

29. Alan Robock Department of Environmental Sciences Fig. 2.14 Seasonal 200 mb geopotential height (m) and winds (m/s)

30. Alan Robock Department of Environmental Sciences Annual mean sea surface temperature (SST) (K) Fig. 2.15

31. Alan Robock Department of Environmental Sciences Fig. 2.22 Ocean surface currents and mean SST (K)

32. Alan Robock Department of Environmental Sciences Fig. 2.16 Seasonal sea surface temperature (K) DJF JJA DJF minus JJA

33. Alan Robock Department of Environmental Sciences Fig. 2.17 Depth (m) Annual mean ocean temperature (K) 30

34. Alan Robock Department of Environmental Sciences Fig. 2.18 Annual mean ocean temperature (K), latitude 0º Depth (m)

35. Alan Robock Department of Environmental Sciences Fig. 2.19 Units: psu  g salt/kg H 2 O

36. Alan Robock Department of Environmental Sciences Fig. 2.20 Annual average ocean salinity and evapotranspiration minus precipitation

37. Alan Robock Department of Environmental Sciences Fig. 2.21 Depth (m) Annual mean ocean salinity (psu) (180ºW)(30ºW)

38. Alan Robock Department of Environmental Sciences Fig. 2.22 Ocean surface currents and mean SST (K)

39. Alan Robock Department of Environmental Sciences Fig. 2.23a The “conveyor belt” – the ocean thermohaline circulation

40. Alan Robock Department of Environmental Sciences Fig. 2.23bc Cross sections of Atlantic Ocean temperature and salinity at 18ºW 18