1. Managing Flooding Hard and Soft Engineering LO: to understand the types of hard and soft engineering used to control rivers and the advantages and disadvantages of these techniques.

2. Hard and soft engineering What do these 2 terms mean?

3. Hard options tend to involve making significant changes to the natural river channel. These are usually costly to build and maintain but most are long lasting and effective. Soft options (sometimes referred to as natural) tend to be far less expensive and rarely involve changes to the river channel. However, they often require large areas of land and as such the overall cost can still be large. Although soft engineering reduces the risk of flooding, they are normally less effective than hard techniques.

5. Flood Protection Measure TypeHardSoft StrategyDamsRiver Channel Modification AfforestationWashlands Benefits1. Discharge regulated – floods prevented; 2. HEP potential; 3. Recreation opportunities. 1. Straightening and deepening the channel allows a large amount of water to flow quickly through the river. 1. Intercepts rainfall; 2. Holds soil in place reducing erosion; 3. Relatively cheap; 4. Creates habitats for wildlife; 5. Recreation opportunities. 1. Allowing some parts of the river to flood naturally reduces risk in urban areas; 2. Flooding leads to marshlands – important ecosystems. Drawbacks1. Expensive; 2. Sediment trapped possibly leading to problems downstream; 3. Spoils the view 4. Flood prevention may lead to fertility problems. 1. Expensive; 2. May require regular maintenance; 3. Destructions of habitats; 4. Un-natural look; 5. Moves flood risk downstream. 1. Floods still occur; 2. Large areas of land needed; 3. Forests need to be carefully managed to maximise effect. 1. Floods still occur; 2. Productive farmland may be lost; 3. Local residents may have to move.

6. River management: Hard + Soft Engineering Hard EngineeringSoft Engineering DamsWashlands EmbankmentsLand-use zoning Flood WallsAfforestation Straightening and deepening the river Warning systems Storage areas

7. Dams

8. River channel modification (channelisation) Meanders are removed from a river. This means the water has less distance to travel and can therefore be removed quicker. However, it increases erosion and flooding downstream. Straightening increases the rivers efficiency. Rivers can also be made deeper to allow more river to flow in the river

11. Building up of levees (embankments, flood walls, artificially enhanced levees, revetments) The levees are widened and heightened to increase the amount of water a river can carry before it floods. They are often enforced with concrete. Flood magnitude may increases due to the increased amount of water held. Increased flooding upstream and downstream, and increased erosion downstream.

12. Flood wall

13. Flood relief channels

14. SOFT ENGINEERING Often the cheaper option. It tries to work with the river. People seek to sustainably manage the river – work with the river to stop large scale damage from floods.

15. Afforestation Planting trees. This soaks up water. Less surface runoff. Reduces flood risk.

16. Flood surrounding farmland (washlands) Flood farmland before waters get near the city and homes and businesses. Farmland is less costly to repair than houses and industry.

18. Do nothing It is an option. Allow an area to flood that is less valuable (in other words not businesses).

19. What are the advantages of HARD engineering? They will last a long time. There is good control of the river, especially dams. People will feel safe.

20. What are the disadvantages of HARD engineering? They can be very expensive. They are generally ugly/unnatural.

21. What are the advantages of SOFT engineering? Allows the river to flow naturally. Makes good use of the land by the river. Environmentally good. Cheaper than hard engineering.

22. What are the disadvantages of SOFT engineering? Farmland can be easily lost. Uses a lot of space. Could take a long time for maximum effect – afforestation.

26. Exam practice Describe how soft flood defences can be used to reduce flood risk.(4) Explain why soft forms of flood defence are becoming more popular (3) Outline how houses can be designed to limit flood damage (4) Using examples, describe how the impact of flooding can be minimised. (4) For a chosen river, explain the measures taken to reduce flood risk (6)