1. Element Balances as a Tool for Sustainable Land Management 14-17. March, 2005, Tirana, Albania OECD environmental surface NP balances for Hungary, 1901-2000 Peter Csatho and Laszlo Radimszky Research Institute for Soil Science and Agricultural Chemistry of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary

2. Element Balances as a Tool for Sustainable Land Management 14-17. March, 2005, Tirana, Albania A landlocked, Central European country in the Carpathian Basin Area: 93,030 km 2 Population: 10,139,000. Besides this, 2.0 million Hungarians live in Romania, 0.6 million in Slovakia, 0.45-0.45 million in Serbia, and in the USA, 0.17 million in Ukraine, and many in other countries. 1/3 of all Hungarians live outside Hungary Peoples: Magyar (Hungarian): 88.8%; Gypsy: 3.8%; Ruthen: 2.8%; German: 1.7%; Jews: 0.8%; Romanian: 0.4%; Slovakian: 0.3%; Polish, Croatian, Serb: 0.2-0.2%. Per capita income: 7,831 USD / 11,750 USD Proportion of agriculture and food industry from GDP: 7-10% Characteristics of Hungary

3. Element Balances as a Tool for Sustainable Land Management 14-17. March, 2005, Tirana, Albania Soil types of Hungary

4. Element Balances as a Tool for Sustainable Land Management 14-17. March, 2005, Tirana, Albania Correlation between per capita GDP and the magnitude of P fertilizer application, as grouped by the population density, in the year of 2000. (Csathó, 2003) Other countries: 1: Bangladesh; 2: Pakistan; 3: India; 4: China; 5: Croatia; 6: Turkey; 7: Thailand; 8: Brasil; 9: Costa Rica; 10: Poland; 11: Hungary; 12: Czech Rebublic; 13: Chile; 14: Greece; 15: Portugal; 16: United Arab Emirates; 17: Spain; 18: Ireland; 19: Finland; 20: Netherlands; 21: France; 22: Belgium-Luxemburg; 23: Germany; 24: Sweden; 25: United Kingdom; 26: Austria; 27: Denmark; 28: Canada.

5. Element Balances as a Tool for Sustainable Land Management 14-17. March, 2005, Tirana, Albania World NPK fertilizer consumption, million tonnes of N-P 2 O 5 -K 2 O, 1950-2000. (FAO Fertilizer Yearbooks)

6. Element Balances as a Tool for Sustainable Land Management 14-17. March, 2005, Tirana, Albania Fertilizer consumption in Hungary, 1901-2000.

7. Element Balances as a Tool for Sustainable Land Management 14-17. March, 2005, Tirana, Albania Total production of main crops in Hungary, 1901-2000

8. Element Balances as a Tool for Sustainable Land Management 14-17. March, 2005, Tirana, Albania Volume of livestock production in Hungary, 1901-2000

9. Element Balances as a Tool for Sustainable Land Management 14-17. March, 2005, Tirana, Albania Yearly nitrogen balance in Hungarian agriculture, 1901-2000 (Environmental approach, Csathó and Radimszky, 2005)

10. Element Balances as a Tool for Sustainable Land Management 14-17. March, 2005, Tirana, Albania Yearly phosphorus balance in Hungarian agriculture, 1901-2000 (Environmental approach, Csathó and Radimszky, 2005)

11. Element Balances as a Tool for Sustainable Land Management 14-17. March, 2005, Tirana, Albania Yearly NPK balance in Hungarian agriculture, 1901-2000 (Environmental approach, Csathó and Radimszky, 2005)

12. Element Balances as a Tool for Sustainable Land Management 14-17. March, 2005, Tirana, Albania Cumulative nitrogen balance in Hungarian agriculture, 1901-2000 (Environmental approach, Csathó and Radimszky, 2005)

13. Element Balances as a Tool for Sustainable Land Management 14-17. March, 2005, Tirana, Albania Cumulative phosphorus balance in Hungarian agric., 1901-2000 (Environmental approach, Csathó and Radimszky, 2005)

14. Element Balances as a Tool for Sustainable Land Management 14-17. March, 2005, Tirana, Albania Cumulative NPK balance in Hungarian agriculture, 1901-2000 (Environmental approach, Csathó and Radimszky, 2005)

15. Element Balances as a Tool for Sustainable Land Management 14-17. March, 2005, Tirana, Albania Distribution of INPUTS of environmental NPK balances for the agricultural area of Hungary for characteristic years in the 20th century

16. Element Balances as a Tool for Sustainable Land Management 14-17. March, 2005, Tirana, Albania Distribution of OUTPUTS of environmental NPK balances for the agricultural area of Hungary for characteristic years in the 20th century

17. Element Balances as a Tool for Sustainable Land Management 14-17. March, 2005, Tirana, Albania Changes in the NPK supply of Hungarian soils, 1960-2000 N K P

18. Element Balances as a Tool for Sustainable Land Management 14-17. March, 2005, Tirana, Albania Distribution of Hungarian soils according to their organic matter content, (Baranyai et al. 1987) <1% 1-2% 2-3% 3-4% >4%

19. Element Balances as a Tool for Sustainable Land Management 14-17. March, 2005, Tirana, Albania Distribution of Hungarian soils according to their AL-P 2 O 5 mg/kg content, (Baranyai et al. 1987)

20. Element Balances as a Tool for Sustainable Land Management 14-17. March, 2005, Tirana, Albania Distribution of Hungarian soils according to their AL-K 2 O mg/kg content, (Baranyai et al. 1987)

21. Element Balances as a Tool for Sustainable Land Management 14-17. March, 2005, Tirana, Albania Comparison of the philosophies of intensive (MÉM NAK) and sustainable, environmentally friendly* (RISSAC-RIA) fertiliser recommendation systems, resp. (*Based on the data set of the Hungarian long-term field trials, 1960-2000) Principles for intensive plant nutritionPrinciples for sustainable fertilisation (MÉM NAK, 1979)(RISSAC-RIA, 1998) Efforts for maximum yield levelsEfforts for economic yield levels Aim is: "soil nutrition" Aim is: "plant nutrition" Aim is: to achieve and sustain Aim is: to achieve and sustain good to very good soil PK supplymoderate to good soil PK supply Quick soil PK build-upSlow soil PK build-up PK fertilisation each yearPK fertilisation of the rotation (GATEKI Kompolt) PK fertilisation on any soil PK PK fertilisation only on moderate – good or supply levellower soil PK supply levels Higher limit values for soil nutrient Lower limit values for soil nutrient supply categoriessupply categories Unified soil nutrientSoil nutrient supply categories supply categories depending on the two main crop groups Higher specific crop nutrient contents Lower specific crop nutrient contents Specific crop nutrient contentsSpecific crop nutrient contents independent of the planned yield leveldependent of the planned yield level

22. Element Balances as a Tool for Sustainable Land Management 14-17. March, 2005, Tirana, Albania N and P yearly loads of surface waters in Hungary, derived from different sources (Haskoning-Senator Consult – RISSAC, 1994) Nitrogen 1000 t N% Population (sewage sludge)21,857 Agriculture7,921 Industry + deposition + background8,722 Total38,4100 Phosphorus (P)1000 t P% Population8,175 Agriculture1,110 Industry + deposition + background1,615 Total10,8100

23. Element Balances as a Tool for Sustainable Land Management 14-17. March, 2005, Tirana, Albania