1. Canberra, 26 March 2014 Research Review on Indigenous Traditional Knowledge for Environmental Management Benxiang Zeng a, c, Christine Schlesinger b, Rolf Gerritsen a

2. AIATSIS 2014 National Indigenous Studies Conference, Canberra, Australia, 26-28 March 2014 Introduction  TK/TEK The Director General of UNESCO (Mayor, 1994) defined traditional knowledge: The indigenous people of the world possess an immense knowledge of their environments, based on centuries of living close to nature. Living in and from the richness and variety of complex ecosystems, they have an understanding of the properties of plants and animals, the functioning of ecosystems and the techniques for using and managing them that is particular and often detailed. In rural communities in developing countries, locally occurring species are relied on for many - sometimes all - foods, medicines, fuel, building materials and other products. Equally, people’s knowledge and perceptions of the environment, and their relationships with it, are often important elements of cultural identity.  Purpose of this review Set up a scope for a proposed comparative study

3. AIATSIS 2014 National Indigenous Studies Conference, Canberra, Australia, 26-28 March 2014 Numbers of publication by year  3 databases Web of Knowledge EBSCOhost INFORMIT  Totally 180  Journal papers: 150

4. AIATSIS 2014 National Indigenous Studies Conference, Canberra, Australia, 26-28 March 2014 What are studies about?  Research/Methodology  Knowledge management/integration  Cross-culture values/awareness  Forest/Forestry  Indigenous people/Indigenous  Social factors/sociology  Land management

5. AIATSIS 2014 National Indigenous Studies Conference, Canberra, Australia, 26-28 March 2014 Coverage of current research  At least 32 countries Australia India Canada

6. AIATSIS 2014 National Indigenous Studies Conference, Canberra, Australia, 26-28 March 2014 Main research topics  Some key features of TEK Socio-political dynamics of TEK (e.g. Rotarangi & Russell, 2009; Pangging et al., 2011)Rotarangi & Russell, 2009Pangging et al., 2011 Differences of TEK in regions and gender groups (e.g. Singh et. al 2013; Wirf, et. al 2008)Singh et. al 2013Wirf, et. al 2008 TEK types (e.g. Xue, 2010) Limitations of TEK (e.g. Nooteboom & de Jong, 2010; Parraguez, Vergara & Barton, 2013).Nooteboom & de Jong, 2010Parraguez, Vergara & Barton, 2013 Loss of TEK (e.g. Chiappetta Jabbour & Puppim-de-Oliveira, 2012; Yuan, Wu, & Liu, 2012).Chiappetta Jabbour & Puppim-de-Oliveira, 2012Yuan, Wu, & Liu, 2012  Role of TEK Positive (potential) contribution to NRM recognised, lot of literature Land management, flora and fauna use, tourism development, vital role in community engagement/participation…  TEK protection PA in developed countries (e.g. GÓMez-Baggethun et al., 2010).GÓMez-Baggethun et al., 2010 Adaptive knowledge management (e.g. Reed et al., 2013).Reed et al., 2013

7. AIATSIS 2014 National Indigenous Studies Conference, Canberra, Australia, 26-28 March 2014 Main research topics  Differences/diversity (cases, regions) of TEK and TEK research “Desert knowledge” in Australia (e.g.Smallacombe, Davis, & Quiggin, 2006), “Medicinal knowledge” in China (e.g. Xue, 2010).Smallacombe, Davis, & Quiggin, 2006 Research focuses: Integration approach (Australia) (e.g. Cullen-Unsworth, Hill, Butler, & Wallace, 2012), protection and benefit sharing (China) (e.g. Xue, 2010; Liang & Bai, 2009), conflict (Taiwan) (e.g. Chi, 2004; Lin, 2010, 2011). (e.g. Cullen-Unsworth, Hill, Butler, & Wallace, 2012Liang & Bai, 2009Chi, 2004Lin, 20102011  Differences between TEK and modern western knowledge Different world views (e.g. Walsh, Dobson & Douglas, 2013; E. J. Ens et al., 2012)E. J. Ens et al., 2012 Based on different mental models (e.g. Walsh, Dobson & Douglas, 2013)  Integration into knowledge system Participatory co-research (e.g. Cullen-Unsworth, Hill, Butler, & Wallace, 2012)Cullen-Unsworth, Hill, Butler, & Wallace, 2012 Different types of engagement (e.g. Hill et al., 2012)Hill et al., 2012 Indicators of successful integration of TEK (e.g. Fernandez-Gimenez, Huntington, & Frost, 2006)Fernandez-Gimenez, Huntington, & Frost, 2006 TEK could serve as entry points in NRM (e.g. Rai, 2007).Rai, 2007

8. AIATSIS 2014 National Indigenous Studies Conference, Canberra, Australia, 26-28 March 2014 Main research topics  Benefit-sharing Indigenous people must get benefit arising from TEK utilisation (e.g. Myburgh, 2011; Xue, 2010).Myburgh, 2011 Role of government in benefit-sharing (e.g. Myburgh, 2011).Myburgh, 2011  Issues in TEK utilisation Legal issues: such as 1) Recognition of TEK in environmental laws (e.g. Meyer, 2001).; 2) Ownership/IP (e.g. Myburgh, 2011).Meyer, 2001Myburgh, 2011 Barriers: such as 1) institutional barriers (e.g. Fernández-Giménez & Fillat Estaque, 2012). 2) lack of mutual understanding-different perspectives, language problem et al.; 3) low capacity of Indigenous communities, et al. (e.g. Chiappetta Jabbour & Puppim-de-Oliveira, 2012).Fernández-Giménez & Fillat Estaque, 2012Chiappetta Jabbour & Puppim-de-Oliveira, 2012 Scale: "local" (indigenous) vs. "global" (scientific). (e.g. Brodt, 2002; Chambers, 2008; Wohling, 2009)Brodt, 2002Chambers, 2008

9. AIATSIS 2014 National Indigenous Studies Conference, Canberra, Australia, 26-28 March 2014 Conclusions  A large volume of literature  Integration of TEK into SK recognised  Barriers and frameworks of integration well studied

10. AIATSIS 2014 National Indigenous Studies Conference, Canberra, Australia, 26-28 March 2014 Conclusions  Different perspectives  More case studies, less generalised or comparative ones  More positive less negative aspects of TEK studied  Lack of comparative studies

11. AIATSIS 2014 National Indigenous Studies Conference, Canberra, Australia, 26-28 March 2014 Discussion  Any universal principles among TEK in different regions and in different countries?  Indigenous-governed integration vs. double learning process  Should we re-think SK too?  Do we need the comparative research?

12. AIATSIS 2014 National Indigenous Studies Conference, Canberra, Australia, 26-28 March 2014 Thank you! My e-mail:benxiang.zeng@cdu.edu.au