1. Tourism Concepts & Models u The advantages of models over definitions is that certain complexities inherent in tourism can be more easily expressed or represented in a model with a dynamic & multidimensional capacity as opposed to the more static definitions.

2. Tourist Area Life Cycle (Butler’s Curve - 1980) u Exploration u involvement u Development u Consolidation u Stagnation u Decline Rejuvenation

3. Butler’s Curve (1980) Time Number of tourists Exploration

4. u characterised by small numbers of tourists u adventurous u visit “new” places u attracted by some unique feature u few tourist facilities  reliance on local facilities u high level of contact between tourist & host u small impact on the host community.

5. Butler’s Curve (1980) Time Number of tourists Exploration Involvement

6. u local residents begin to provide facilities for tourists u high degree of contact between tourists & locals u locals may start to change usual patterns to accommodate tourists u pressure on local government to provide more & better facilities for tourists.

7. Butler’s Curve (1980) Time Number of tourists Exploration Involvement Development

8. u tourism market: well-defined because of promotion at tourist generating areas u local control of facilities & development of tourism starts to decline u international organisations take root (Holiday Inn) u physical nature of resort changes (not universally accepted) u number of tourists approaches (or exceeds) local population (take notice at this point, can start to see negative impacts) u type of tourist  mainstream, conservative

9. Butler’s Curve (1980) Time Number of tourists Exploration Involvement Development Consolidation

10. u rate of increase of tourist arrivals starts to decline (even though absolute numbers may still grow). u number of tourists now exceeds local population u marketing & promotion well developed u market is almost saturated, therefore new development/building slows down u growing discontent among host population

11. Butler’s Curve (1980) Time Number of tourists Exploration Involvement Development Consolidation Stagnation

12. u peak number of visitors has been reached (carrying capacity) u environmental, social & economic problems (beach erosion, local businesses sold, dissatisfaction with locals) u area is not as popular with tourists (beach is dirty, crowded, not enough parking) u original features which attracted tourists in the first place will have been supplemented by new “attractions”. (theme parks, museums, bungee jumping, something that wasn’t there before)

13. Butler’s Curve (1980) Immediate decline Time Number of tourists Exploration Involvement Development Consolidation Stagnation Decline

14. Immediate Decline & Decline u immediate decline: an abrupt death of the resort u decline: a more gradual decline, where number of visitors gradually tapers off u infrastructure changes (hotels converted to condominiums because not enough visitors) u local population begins to buy tourist facilities because of affordability

15. Butler’s Curve (1980) Stabilisation Time Number of tourists Exploration Involvement Development Immediate decline Decline Consolidation Stagnation Reduced growth Rejuvenation

16. Stabilisation, Reduced Growth & Rejuvenation u Stabilisation: the area stabilises and changes very little over time u Reduced growth: the area continues to grow but at a reduced rate of growth u Rejuvenation: can take place in 2 ways: –building a new attraction –taking advantage of previously untapped resources. –Strong government or corporation involvement

17. Butler’s Curve (1980) Time Number of tourists Exploration Involvement Development Immediate decline Decline Stabilisation Reduced growth Rejuvenation Consolidation Stagnation Critical range of elements of capacity

18. Critical Range of Elements of Capacity u This is the stage when carrying capacities become critical (cc has been reached) u can be exceeded or managed u Tourism Carrying Capacity:The number of visitors that an area can accommodate before negative impacts occur, either in the physical environment, the psychological attitude of the tourists, or the social acceptance level of the hosts. Assumes destination went through all stages (exploration)

19. Psychograph MidcentricsPsycocentricsAllocentrics Mass Tourists Near Psychocentrics Near Allocentrics

21. Plog’s Psychographic Typology (1972) u Different destinations are attractive to different types of tourists based on their different personalities.

22. Psychocentric u need for consistency & reliability u avoid stress/unusual situations u prefer familiar destinations u want to be surrounded by similar people u impact on host community: large stagnation

23. Allocentrics u thrives on new experiences u prefer to explore areas on their own u likes to befriend local community u impact on host community: small exploration

24. Mid-centric u fall between psychocentrics & allocentrics u looks for familiarity u prefers to be with friends/relatives u not overly adventurous, but willing to try new things People may visit a place, but not fall under a certain category

25. DOXEY’S “IRRIDEX” u direct link between increased community irritation & continual tourism development

26. EUPHORIA APATHYANNOYANCE ANTAGONISM Initial phase of development, visitors & investors welcome, little planning or control mechanism - exploration Visitors taken for granted, contacts between residents & outsiders more formal (commercial), planning concerned mostly with marketing Saturation points approached, “hosts” have misgivings about tourism, policy makers attempt solutions via increasing infrastructure (rather than limiting growth) - critical on butlers curve Irritations openly expressed, visitors seen as cause of all problems, planning now remedial but promotion increased to offset deteriorating reputation of destination (Niagara-on-the-Lake)

27. Limitations u Whole population may have the same attitude u The chart goes in one direction, not multi-directional, only progress in one direction

28. Attitude/Behaviour Model (Bjorkland & Philbrick after Butler 1975) Active Passive Positive Negative Aggressive promotion of something favoured Silent acceptance of something favoured Aggressive opposition to something disliked Resigned acceptance of something disliked Dynamic, assumes interests change, flexible, multidirectional