1. Building Social Capital for Economic Development Cornelia Butler Flora Charles F. Curtiss Distinguished Professor of Agriculture Dept. of Sociology, Iowa State University Director North Central Regional Center for Rural Development cflora@iastate.edu www.ncrcrd.iastate.edu

2. Collaboration Shares a vision developed by study, experience, and work Identifies its resources to move toward the vision Identifies alternatives to achieve vision Implements alternatives Assesses progress and adjust alternatives Is a means to an end, not an end in itself The transaction costs of maintaining the collaboration should not exceed the capitals generated through acting together rather than separately.

3. Monitoring and evaluation is only useful when the long term goal is clear. We shift from monitoring activities and outputs to monitor progress toward multiple outcomes. Increasing capitals (assets) is a useful way of thinking about desired outcomes. In looking at capitals, it is important to understand that they are both means and ends.

4. Capital Resources invested to create new resources over a long time horizon

5. Political Capital Cultural Capital Natural Capital Human Capital Financial/Built Capital Social Capital Healthy regional economy Social equity and empowerment Self-sufficient families

6. Natural capital Air Water Soil Biodiversity (plants & animals) Landscape The biophysical setting that impacts human endeavors and is impacted by those activities.

7. Natural Capital Sustainable, healthy ecosystems with multiple community benefits Human communities are mindful of natural systems Ecosystems yield multiple community benefits Those with conflicting uses of the ecosystem seek common ground

8. Understands limitations & opportunities of physical environment and uses that in development work

9. Pride in community in neighborhood programs and cleanup

10. Cultural CApital Symbols Ways of knowing Language Ways of acting Definition of what is problematic Cultural capital determines how we see the world, what we take for granted, what we value, and what things we think possible to change. Hegemony allows one social group to impose its symbols and reward system on other groups.

11. Cultural Capital Different heritages are maintained and valued Cultural differences are recognized and valued. Mechanisms to maintain ancestral languages and customs are in place Collaborations are willing to take the time to understand and build on different ways of knowing and doing.

12. We value strong multi- generational family traditions

13. Diverse kinds of people cooperate to make the community a better place

14. Community development efforts honor and respect the values and cultures of community members

15. We have to do it ourselves

16. Human capital Increased use of the knowledge, skills, and abilities of local people Identifying skills, knowledge and ability Increasing skills, knowledge and ability Using skills, knowledge and ability Recombining skills, knowledge and ability

17. Community supports the existence of diverse perspectives

18. The community supports a leadership development program

19. Human Capital Education Self-efficacy/self esteem skills health values leadership The characteristics and potentials of individuals that are determined by the intersection of nature (genetics) and nurture (determined by interactions and environment)

20. Leaders are Knowledgeable

21. Social Capital mutual trust reciprocity groups collective identity sense of shared future working together The interactions among individuals that occur with a degree of frequency and comfort. Bonding social capital consists of interactions within specific groups and bridging social capital consists of interactions among social groups.

22. Strong belief in education and life-long learning

23. All groups in the community have access to affordable recreational opportunities

24. Social Capital Bonding –Tight, exclusive networks –Strong distinction between insiders and outsiders –Single answer focus Bridging –Open and flexible networks –Permeable and open boundaries –Legitimization of alternatives

25. Social Capital Strengthened relationships, communication, community initiative, responsibility, & adaptability Participation Communication Relationships Initiative Responsibility Adaptability

26. BRIDGING SOCIAL CAPITAL B O N D I N G S. C. External control via local elites/ or bosses Community Social Capital Typology Community Conflict with outside/internal factionalism Conflict with outside/internal factionalism Apathy;extremeindividualism Participatory Participatorycommunityaction + - - +

27. Leadership opportunities for youth

28. Organizations work together to better our community

29. Many opportunities for residents to participate

30. Organizations work together to better our community

31. Community recognizes and supports community volunteers

32. We monitor who is accountable for what and to whom

33. Women accepted in all types of leadership roles

34. We take a problem-solving approach to address the needs of people from all segments of the community

35. Traditional institutions are action oriented and responsive to the needs of the community

36. We assess outcomes and celebrate success, while acknowledging there is more work to do

37. Local institutions welcome new residents and youth

38. We provide opportunities for group reflection

39. The community welcomes newcomers

40. Political capital Organization Connections Voice Power Political capital is the ability of a group to influence the distribution of resources within a social unit, including helping set the agenda of what resources are available.

41. Welcome group inquiry, negotiate alternatives, and use research-based evidence

42. The community demonstrates a willingness to seek help from the outside

43. Local leadership is broad and deep

44. Political Capital Increased voice and influence Excluded people are organized and work together Excluded people know and feel comfortable around powerful people The issues of excluded people are part of the political agenda

45. Community decisions are made with input from all concerned

46. People from diverse religious, ethnic, and minority backgrounds in leadership roles

47. Community supports a community foundation & local philanthropy

48. People are willing to run for public office and do not risk personal and family ties and reputation

49. Deliberate transition of power to a younger generation of leaders

50. Financial capital Appropriately diverse and healthy economies reduced poverty increased business efficiency increased business diversity increased community residents’ assets

51. Built capital Housing Sewers Water systems Business space Day care centers Roads Electronic communication Human-constructed infrastructure used as tools for production of other capitals

52. Financial Capital debt capital investment capital tax revenue savings tax abatement endowments/community foundations grants Forms of money used to increase capacity of the unit that accesses it. Financial capital is often privileged because it is easy to measure, and there is a tendency to put other capitals into financial capital terms.

53. Local businesses support the community through donations

54. Community supports local businesses that donate to the community

55. Community provides resources for community and economic development efforts

56. Community sees itself as part of a greater region & considers all communities in the region when planning

57. Local government & community organizations carefully use fiscal resources & understand fiduciary responsibilities

58. Schools & youth groups provide opportunities for youth entrepreneurship

59. Community supportive of entrepreneurship

60. Economic development program strategically targets resources

61. Community supports local businesses in planning for generational succession

62. Our community appreciates quality in all aspects of business and community life

63. Community development efforts are asset based

64. We realistic in appraising future opportunities

65. Community and businesses ware of competitive positioning

66. Community supports an active economic development program

67. Our community recognizes the value of supporting local businesses

68. Donations to community endeavors come from all segments of the community

69. Donations include many small gifts as well as large gifts

70. Alaska Rural Community Health Economic Solution (ARCHES) Financial/Built Capital New facilities New jobs in the community held by Alaska Natives Basic primary community health services accessible to all Professionals in the community spending in the community Economic environment improved for other enterprises Natural Capital Distance Ecosystem potential Weather/Climate change Biodiversity Cultural/traditional support for ecosystem based activities Cultural Capital Village chooses student Village members feel comfortable in higher education settings Tribal governments involved in health service delivery Ancestral health traditions Human Capital Individuals with the capacity to deliver health services Individuals have the capacity to act for community economic improvement Healthier people More Alaska Natives with career ladders Individual and family empowerment Social Capital Communities able to recognize and deal with own problems Communities know how to access outside resources Institutions change to be more flexible in response to village circumstance Community empowerment Political Capital Employment is created by government entity, creates on-going relationships to increase village’s leverage Services delivered are reimbursed by third party players Local decision-making and regional plans inform each other Healthy Individuals Healthy communities

71. We invest in the future by passing school bonds

72. Community supports and maintains a sound infrastructure