1. Class-level Methods Alice

2. World / Class Method World method A general method that may refer to multiple objects; not closely associated with any particular class Class method A method belonging to a class, designed to operate on an object of that class

3. Animated Actions Some actions are more naturally associated with a specific class of objects rather than with the overall world. Examples A person walking A wheel rolling A fish swimming

4. Class Level Methods These methods apply to a particular class of objects They are included as part of the class template Some classes have such methods (beyond the primitive methods expected of all objects) Every instance of the class has such a method Create class level methods (functions) to extend the functionality of the class

5. Class-level Methods We can write our own methods to add abilities/functions to a specific class of objects This will result in a class-level rather than a world-level method The next few slides will demonstrate how to build class-level methods

6. Primitive / User-defined Methods Primitive methods those directly provided by the classes that are part of the Alice system move, turn, distanceTo, … User-defined methods (and functions) those added to a world or class as part of a program These consist of collections of primitive and other user-defined methods

7. A Predefined Class Method Mana (Local Gallery>People) has two predefined methods These are different from built-in methods because you can edit them Every instance of the Mana class has these methods Predefined methods Note Edit button

8. Designing Class Level Methods Be sure it will apply to all objects of the specific class World level methods implement general functionality that can be applied to many different types of objects Class level methods will apply to all objects of the class Each object created from the class will include the new methods

9. Argument / Parameter Argument A piece of information passed to a method or function that will be used in its computations World.jump(who = Rabbit) // Rabbit is the Argument Parameter A placeholder for information passed to a method (or function) by the caller; provides a handle (name) by which the information is referred to in the method In method definition: World.jump(who) // who is the parameter who move up 1 meter

10. An example (building technique) How can we create a skate method for ice skater objects? We need to: (1)tell Alice to associate the new method (the one we are about to write) with an ice skater, and (2)write a new method to animate the ice skater skating.

11. Demo: The solution First, to associate the animation with the ice skater select the iceSkater tile in the Object Tree select the methods tab in the details area click on the "create new method" button

12. Storyboard for skate The slide actions each require several motion instructions, so we will break these two actions down into smaller pieces… this technique is called stepwise refinement Skate: Do together move skater forward 2 meters Do in order slide on left leg slide on right leg

13. Refined storyboard for skate Refinement of slideLeft Do in order Lift right leg and turn upper body forward Lower right leg and return body upright Skate: Do together 1) move forward 2 meters 2) Do in order slideLeft slideRight Refinement of slideRight Do in order Lift left leg and turn upper body forward Lower left leg and return body upright

14. Writing the code The next step is to translate the design into program code. For the slideLeft method, a possible translation is: Design step Instruction Lift the right leg turn the right thigh forward Turn upper body forward turn the abs forward Lower the right leg turn the right thigh backward Return the body upright turn the abs backward

15. Demo Demonstration of slideLeft slideRight skate

16. Correspondence of design to code Skate: Do together move skater forward 2 meters Do in order slide on left leg slide on right leg

17. Question Writing the methods to make an ice skater perform a skating motion is an intricate task. Most likely, you would like to reuse these new methods in other worlds. How can you make the skate method available for an ice skater in a different world?

18. Answer: Save out as a new class 1) Rename iceSkater as cleverSkater. 2) Save out as a new class. Alice saves the new class as CleverSkater.a2c

19. Creating a Class in Alice Choose a class as a base class Your new class will inherit everything from the base class Create an object of the base class Add properties, methods, and functions to the object's details Test! Save the object as a new 3D class model

20. Using CleverSkater An instance of the CleverSkater class can be added to a new world – use File|Import.

21. Benefits of Creating a Class New Classes supports the reuse of program code -- allows the programmer to write code once and use it again later in different programs. sharing code with others in a team project

22. Programming in Alice© 2006 Dr. Tim Margush22 Class Methods No-No's Class-level methods should be closely related to an object of the class If not, consider making the method a world- level one, or place it in another class

23. Programming in Alice© 2006 Dr. Tim Margush23 Class Methods No-No's Do not make methods too large Instead, use step-wise refinement Create smaller methods to accomplish the subtasks needed for more complex tasks

24. Programming in Alice© 2006 Dr. Tim Margush24 Class Methods No-No's Do not refer to other objects in your class- level methods Those objects may not exist in another world Camera and world objects are a possible exception to this rule Instead, create a parameter (of type object) and refer to the object in a more general sense

25. Assignment Read Chapter 4-3 Class-level methods and Inheritance Read Tips & Techniques 4 Visible and Invisible Objects