1. Mrs. Jackson’s Absolute Bare Minimum Module 1 Review
Quarterly Assessment 1 Review

2. Living things share some common characteristics:
An organism is any individual living thing.
Living things share some common characteristics:
All are made of one or more cells.
All need energy for metabolism.
Metabolism: All of the chemical processes in
an organism that build up or break down materials.
All respond to their environment.
Stimuli, or physical factors, include light, temperature, and touch.
All have genetic material (DNA) that they pass on to offspring.

3. Life depends on hydrogen bonds in water.
Water is a polar molecule.
Polar molecules have slightly charged regions. O H _ +
Atom: Oxygen
Charge: Slightly negative
Hydrogen bonds
form between slightly positive hydrogen atoms and slightly negative atoms. (oxygen)
Atom: Hydrogen
Charge: Slightly positive
Nonpolar molecules do not have charged regions.

4. High Specific Heat: water resists changes in temp.
Hydrogen bonds are responsible for important properties of water.
High Specific Heat: water resists changes in temp.
Provides stability of temperature for land masses surrounded by water & for the temperature of the human body, & makes it an effective cooling agent.
Cohesion: water molecules stick to each other.
Adhesion: water molecules stick to other things.
Ice floats on water: one of the only solids to float on its liquid form – due to arrangement of water molecules due to charged regions.

5. Many compounds dissolve in water.
A solution is formed when one substance dissolves in another. A solution is a homogeneous mixture.
Solvents dissolve other substances.
Solutes dissolve in a solvent.
solution

6. Polar solvents dissolve polar solutes.
“Like dissolves like.”
Polar solvents dissolve polar solutes.
Nonpolar solvents dissolve nonpolar solutes.
Polar substances and nonpolar substances generally remain separate.
Example: Oil (non-polar) and water (polar)

7. pH
<7=Acid (more H+)
7=Neutral
>7=Base (less H+)
Maintaining homeostasis
*Buffer: Helps to maintain pH.

8. Speaking of homeostasis…
Homeostasis refers to your body maintaining stable, constant internal conditions.
This may include:
Regulation of temperature (thermoregulation)
Regulation of pH
Regulation of oxygen delivery (for cellular respiration!)

9. Carbon atoms have unique bonding properties.
1. Carbon forms covalent bonds (strong bonds) with up to four other atoms, including other carbon atoms 2. They can form large, complex molecules

10. Carbon atoms have unique bonding properties – Slide 2
3. Carbon can form single, double, or triple bonds
4. Carbon forms isomers
Isomers are compounds that have the same chemical formula, but different structural formulas
Example: C4H10
Only carbon has these 4 characteristics

11. Monomers are the individual subunits.
Many carbon-based molecules are made of many small subunits bonded together.
Monomers are the individual subunits.
Polymers are made of many monomers.

12. Carbohydrates Monomer monosaccharide Polymer
disaccharide (dimer), polysaccharide 
Examples
Monosaccharide:  glucose, fructose
Disaccharide: sucrose (table sugar)
Polysaccharide: starch & cellulose (cell wall in plants),
glycogen (in animals)
Unique
Provide a quick source of energy

13. glycerol & fatty acids; polar heads & fatty acid tails
Lipids
LIPIDS
Monomer
 glycerol & fatty acids; polar heads & fatty acid tails
Polymer
 triglycerides; phospholipids
Examples
Fats, oils, cholesterol, steroids, waxes, phospholipids
Unique
Nonpolar
Broken down to provide energy
Used to make steroid hormones (control stress, estrogen, testosterone)
Phospholipids make up all cell membranes  
Fats and oils contain fatty acids bonded to glycerol

14. Proteins Molecule  Proteins Monomer Amino acid Polymer
Polypeptide (protein) 
Examples
Enzymes,  hemoglobin (in blood), muscle movement, collagen
Unique
3D structure makes them active 
Peptide bonds hold amino acids together
Have a side group (R) that makes each amino acid (and therefore protein) different
Sometimes may contain sulfur

15. Nucleic acids Molecule  Nucleic acids Monomer
 Nucleotide (5-carbon sugar, phosphate group, & base)
Polymer
Nucleic acid 
Examples
DNA & RNA 
Unique
 - Order of the bases makes every living thing unique
DNA stores genetic information
RNA builds proteins

16. Chemical reactions release or absorb energy.
Activation energy is the amount of energy that needs to be absorbed to start a chemical reaction

17. A catalyst lowers activation energy.
Catalysts are substances that speed up chemical reactions
Decrease activation energy
Increase reaction rate

18. Enzymes are catalysts in living things.
Enzymes allow chemical reactions to occur under tightly controlled conditions.
Enzymes are catalysts in living things.
Enzymes are needed for almost all processes.
Most enzymes are proteins.

19. Disruptions in homeostasis can prevent enzymes from functioning.
Enzymes function best in a small range of conditions.
Changes in temperature or pH can break hydrogen bonds.
An enzyme’s function depends on its structure.

20. An enzyme’s structure allows only certain reactants to bind to the enzyme.
Substrates: reactants that bind to an enzyme
Active site: area on the enzyme where substrates bind

21. Exothermic reactions release more energy than they absorb.
Excess energy is released by the reaction.
Energy “exits” the reaction. (Exo = exit)

22. Endothermic reactions absorb more energy than they release.
Energy is absorbed by the reaction to make up the difference.
Energy goes into the reaction. (Endo = “into”)

23. The Cell Theory:
All organisms are made of cells.
All cells come from other cells.
The cell is the basic unit of structure & function in living things.

24. All cells share certain characteristics.
Cells tend to be microscopic.
All cells are enclosed by a membrane.
All cells are filled with cytoplasm.
All cells have ribosomes.

25. There are two cell types:
Eukaryotic cells
Have a nucleus
Have membrane-bound organelles
Prokaryotic cells
Do not have a nucleus (still have DNA)
Do not have membrane-bound organelles

26. Review Eukaryotes Prokaryotes Have nucleus (DNA)
Have membrane-bound organelles
Larger size because of organelles
More complex
Unicellular or multicellular
No nucleus (still have DNA)
No membrane-bound organelles
Smaller size because of lack of organelles
Less complex
Unicellular

27. Organelles and Functions
See attached list!!!
How does the rough ER work with the Golgi?
Rough ER packages the proteins its ribosomes synthesize (including membrane and secretory proteins) in vesicles to ship to the Golgi Apparatus/Body for further processing, sorting and packaging.

28. Cell membranes are composed of two phospholipid layers.
The cell membrane has two major functions
Forms a boundary between inside and outside of the cell
Controls passage of materials in & out of cell

29. Phospholipid Bilayer Forms a double layer surrounding a cell
Head is polar (attracted to water) and forms hydrogen bonds with water
Tails are nonpolar
(repelled by water)

30. Passive transport does not require energy (ATP) input from a cell.
Molecules can move across the cell membrane through passive transport.
Two types of passive transport:
Diffusion: movement of molecules from high to low concentration
Osmosis: diffusion of water

31. Diffusion and osmosis are types of passive transport (NO ENERGY)
Molecules diffuse down a concentration gradient.
High to low concentration

32. Cell Membrane Dialysis Tubing – Diffusion Lab
WHY? Starch stays in bag – too big. Iodine goes through bag - small

33. How do different solutions affect cells?
There are 3 types of solutions:
Isotonic: solution has the same concentration of solutes as the cell.
Water moves in and out evenly
Cell size stays constant

34. How do different solutions affect cells?
There are 3 types of solutions:
Hypertonic: solution has more solutes than a cell
More water exits the cell than enters
Cell shrivels or dies

35. How do different solutions affect cells?
There are 3 types of solutions:
Hypotonic: solution has fewer solutes than a cell
More water enters the cell than exits
Cell expands or bursts

36. Some molecules can only diffuse through transport proteins
Some molecules cannot easily diffuse across the membrane
Ex: glucose (needed by cell to make energy)
Facilitated diffusion is diffusion through transport proteins
DOES NOT USE ENERGY
Video 

37. 3.5 Active Transport, Endocytosis, & Exocytosis
Key Concept:
Cells use energy (ATP) to transport materials that cannot diffuse across a membrane.

38. Active Transport
Drives molecules across a membrane from lower to higher concentration
Goes against the concentration gradient

39. TYPES OF ACTIVE TRANSPORT
Endocytosis: Brings materials into cell (Endo=into)
Exocytosis: Releases materials out of cell (Exo=Exit)

40. Sodium-Potassium Pump
Uses a membrane protein to pump three Na+ (sodium ions) across the membrane in exchange for two K+ (potassium ions)
ATP (energy) is needed to make the protein change its shape so that Na+ and K+ can move through it and cross the membrane
Helps the heart contract, helps regulate blood pressure, allows neurons to respond to stimuli and send signals

41. 4.1 How do living things get ATP?
ATP is the energy carrier in living things – it is usable energy for the cell.
ATP stands for Adenosine triphosphate.
Living things get ATP from breaking down carbon based molecules. (carbohydrates & lipids)
Starch molecule
Glucose molecule

42. This is how it works
phosphate removed

43. 4.2 & 4.3 Photosynthesis
The process of photosynthesis captures energy from sunlight and converts it into sugar (glucose).
This process happens in organisms called autotrophs or producers. (Need to make their own food)
This process takes place in and organelle called the chloroplast.
The chloroplast has a green pigment in it called chlorophyll that is responsible for capturing the light energy.

44. So how does photosynthesis work?
The first stage of photosynthesis is called the Light Dependent Stage.
Light is captured by the chlorophyll in the thylakoid.

45. So how does photosynthesis work?
The second stage of photosynthesis is called the Light Independent Stage/ Calvin Cycle/ Dark Cycle.
This process takes place in the stroma.

46. The chemical formula for photosynthesis
6CO2 + 6H2O + light C6H12O O2
(reactants) (products)
Carbon dioxide plus water plus light
yields
Glucose and oxygen

47. Purpose of Cellular Respiration
To make ATP from the energy stored in glucose
Glucose comes from an organism doing photosynthesis themselves or from eating foods containing glucose
Remember: the purpose of photosynthesis was just to get glucose

48. Glycolysis
Takes place in cytoplasm (eukaryotes and prokaryotes do this step since all cells have cytoplasm)
Splits one glucose molecule into two pyruvate molecules
Costs the cell 2 ATP molecules to do this
4 ATP molecules are produced (only gain 2 ATP)
This portion of CR does NOT require oxygen (anaerobic)

49. Kreb’s Cycle (Citric Acid Cycle)
Takes place in matrix of mitochondria (only in eukaryotes)
2 pyruvate (made during glycolysis) enter the mitochondrion
Each pyruvate is broken down to create 1 ATP
Total products of Kreb’s cycle (because of 2 pyruvates):
2 ATP

50. Electron Transport Chain (ETC)
Takes place in inner membrane of mitochondria (cristae)
Folded to create more surface area for reactions to produce more ATP in a small space
Oxygen and hydrogen ions combine to form water (released as a waste product)
32 ATP are made

51. ATP from Cellular Respiration
4 from Glycolysis (uses up 2, so really only gain 2 ATP)
2 ATP from Kreb’s cycle
32 ATP from ETC
GAIN 36 ATP from one glucose molecule

52. Equation for Cellular Respiration
C6H12O6 + 6O CO2 + 6H2O + 36ATP
Like the reverse of photosynthesis
Energy transfers:
Photo: LightCPE CR: CPECPE

53. What happens when there’s no/not enough oxygen or there are no mitochondria?
Answer: Fermentation
Two Kinds:
Lactic Acid Fermentation
Alcoholic Fermentation
Allows glycolysis to continue making ATP without oxygen