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Polymer Fibers
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Polymer Processing Shaping Polymers Extrusion Molding Fibers Coatings
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Product Shaping / Secondary Operations
EXTRUSION Final Product (pipe, profile) Secondary operation Fiber spinning (fibers) Cast film (overhead transparencies, Blown film (grocery bags) Shaping through die Preform for other molding processes Blow molding (bottles), Thermoforming (appliance liners) Compression molding (seals)
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Fibers A Fiber is a long, thin thing! Aspect ratio >100 At diameters > 75 , the fiber is a rod Long means: > 1 kilometer At a density of 1.4 and a denier of 5, 1 kilometer weighs less than 5 grams > 1 kilogram 1.5 kilograms at 5 dpf is 20,000 miles Few commercial fibers are produced at a scale of less than 500 tons The length at 5 dpf is ~ .01 lightyear Typical melt spinning speeds are in excess of 100 miles/hour To be viable, polymer to fiber conversions must be ~ 90% Minimum property CVs are < 10% Real fibers are hard to make!!
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Griffith’s experiments with glass fibers (1921)
MACROSCALE vs MICROSCALE Griffith’s experiments with glass fibers (1921) FIBER DIAMETER (micron) Strength of bulk glass: 170 MPa Extrapolates to 11 GPa 1 2 3 TENSILE STRENGTH (GPa) 20 40 60 80 100 120
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Griffith’s equation for the strength of materials
a = length of defect g = surface energy Thus, going from the macroscale to the atomic scale (via the nanoscale), defects progressively become smaller and/or are eliminated, which is why the strength increases (see equation). Note that the Griffith model predicts that defects have no effect on the modulus, only on strength But note: the model also predicts that defects of zero length lead to infinitely strong materials, an obvious impossibility!
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Fibers 1000 X longer than diameter Often uniaxial strength
Kevlar-strongest organic fiber Melt spinning technology can be applied to polyamide (Nylon), polyesters, polyurethanes and polyolefins such as PP and HDPE. The drawing and cooling processes determine the morphology and mechanical properties of the final fiber. For example ultra high molecular weight HDPE fibers with high degrees of orientation in the axial direction have extremely high stiffness !! Of major concern during fiber spinning are the instabilities that arise during drawing, such as brittle fracture and draw resonance. Draw resonance manifests itself as periodic fluctuations that result in diameter oscillation.
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TABLE 4.2. Fiber Propertiesa
Fiber Type Natural Cotton Wool Synthetic Polyester Nylon Aromatic polyamide (aramid)c Polybenzimidazole Polypropylene Polyethylene (high strength) Inorganicc Glass Steel Tenacityb (N/tex) 0.27 2.65d 0.31 Specific Gravity 1.50 1.30 1.38 1.14 1.44 1.43 0.90 0.95 2.56 7.7 aUnless otherwise noted, data taken form L. Rebenfeld, in Encyclopedia of Polymer Science and Engineering (H. f. Mark, N. M. Bikales, C. G. Overberger, G. Menges, and J. I. Kroschwitz, Eds.), Vol. 6, Wiley-Interscience, New York, 1986, pp bTo convert newtons per tex to grams per denier, multiply by 11.3. cKevlar (see Chap. 3, structure 58.) dFrom Chem. Eng. New, 63(8), 7 (1985). eFrom V. L. Erlich, in Encyclopedia of Polymer Science and Technology (H.F. Mark, N. G. Gaylord, and N. M. Bikales, Eds.), Vol. 9, Wiley-Interscience, New Uork, 1968, p. 422.
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Polymer fibers Nylon PP, PE Normal spinning Melt spinning Super
stretching HMW PE Wet spinning UHMW PE Flexible molecules Dy spinning Cellulose Acetate Organic polymers Melt spinning Aromatic polyesters Stiff molecules Wet spinning Aramides
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Fibers Dry Spinning: From solution Melt Spinning: From Melt
Wet Spinning: From solution into solution Kevlar, rayon, acrylics, Aramids, spandex Cellulose Acetate Nylon 6,6 & PETE
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Fiber Spinning: Melt Bobbin Extruded Fiber Cools and Solidifies Here Metered Extrusion (controlled flow) Melting Zone Polymer Chips/Beads Pump Filter and Spinneret Air Diffuser Heating Grid Pool Lubrication by oil disk and trough Packaging Bobbin drive Yarn driver Feed rolls Moisture Conditioning Steam Chamber Fiber spinning is used to manufacture synthetic fibers. A filament is continuously extruded through an orifice and stretched to diameters of 100 mm and smaller. The molten polymer is first extruded through a filter or “screen pack”, to eliminate small contaminants. It is then extruded through a “spinneret”, a die composed of multiple orifices (it can have 1-10,000 holes). The fibers are then drawn to their final diameter, solidified (in a water bath or by forced convection) and wound-up. Nylon 6,6 & PETE
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Cellulose Acetate Dry Spinning of Fibers from a Solution
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Wet Spinning (e.g. Kevlar)
take-up godet feed line drawing elements spinneret filaments Kevlar, rayon, acrylics Aramids, spandex coagulation bath plastisizing bath
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Melt spinning
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Acrylic Fibers 85% acrylonitrile Wet spun Acrylic's benefits are:
・Superior moisture management or wickability・ Quick drying time (75% faster than cotton)・ Easy care, shape retention・ Excellent light fastness, sun light resistance・ Takes color easily, bright vibrant colors・ Odor and mildew resistant
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Nanotube effecting crystallization of PP
Sandler et al, J MacroMol Science B, B42(3&4), pp ,2003
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Why are strong fibers strong?
The source of strength: van der Waals forces Flexible molecules, normally spun Flexible molecules ultra stretched Rigid molecules liquid crystallinity
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Kevlar Fiber orientation High Tensile Strength at Low Weight
Low Elongation to Break High Modulus (Structural Rigidity) Low Electrical Conductivity High Chemical Resistance Low Thermal Shrinkage High Toughness (Work-To-Break) Excellent Dimensional Stability High Cut Resistance Flame Resistant, Self-Extinguishing
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Kevlar or Twaron High Tensile Strength at Low Weight
Low Elongation to Break High Modulus (Structural Rigidity) Low Electrical Conductivity High Chemical Resistance Low Thermal Shrinkage High Toughness (Work-To-Break) Excellent Dimensional Stability High Cut Resistance Flame Resistant, Self-Extinguishing
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Polypropylene elastomers
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Aramide fibers the complete spinning line
H2SO4 80 wt% ice machine Long washing traject (initially difficult to control) Sometimes post-strech of 1% to enhance orientation H2SO4 ice PPD-T 20 wt% mixer extruder air gap H2O spinneret Washing csulf.ac. < 0.5 % neutralising winding drying 2000C H2SO4 + H2O
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Strong fibers from flexible chains
Super-stretched polyethylene: Mw = 105 (just spinnable) conventional melt spinning additional stretching of 30 to 50 times below the melting point Wet (gel) spinning of polyethylene Mw = 106 (to high elasticity for melt spinning) decalin or parafin as solvent formation of thick (weak) fibers without stretching removal of the solvent stretching of 50 to 100 times close to melting point
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POLYETHYLENE (LDPE) Molecular Weights: 20,000-100,000; MWD = 3-20
density = g/cm3 Highly branched structure—both long and short chain branches Tm ~ 105 C, X’linity ~ 40% 15-30 Methyl groups/1000 C atoms Applications: Packaging Film, wire and cable coating, toys, flexible bottles, housewares, coatings
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Polyethylene (HDPE) Essentially linear structure
Few long chain branches, methyl groups/ 1000 C atoms Molecular Weights: 50, ,000 for molding compounds 250,000-1,500,000 for pipe compounds >1,500,000 super abrasion resistance—medical implants MWD = 3-20 density = g/cm3 Tm ~ C, X’linity ~ 80% Generally opaque Applications: Bottles, drums, pipe, conduit, sheet, film
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UHMWPE fibers: Dyneema or Spectra
Gel spinning process Dyneema(r), the worldユs strongest fiberDSM Dyneema is the inventor and manufacturer of Dyneemaィ, the world's strongest fiber. Dyneemaィ is a superstrong polyethylene fiber that offers maximum strength combined with minimum weight. It is up to 15 times stronger than quality steel and up to 40% stronger than aramid fibers, both on weight for weight basis. Dyneemaィ floats on water and is extremely durable and resistant to moisture, UV light and chemicals. The applications are therefore more or less unlimited. Dyneemaィ is an important component in ropes, cables and nets in the fishing, shipping and offshore industries. Dyneemaィ is also used in safety gloves for the metalworking industry and in fine yarns for applications in sporting goods and the medical sector. In addition, Dyneemaィ is also used in bullet resistant armor and clothing for police and military personnel. Structure of UHMWPE, with n = 100, ,000
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Comparison of mechanical properties
Strength Modulus stretch (Gpa) (Gpa) (%) Classical fibres nylon glass steel Strong fibres superstretched PE wet spun PE (Dyneema) melt spun PE (Vectran) wet spun aramide idem with post-stretch Relative Flexlife: Dyneema 100, Vectran 55, ハAramid 8.
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Aramide fibers the spinning mechanism
polymer in pure sulfuric acid at 850C Specific points: solvent: pure H2SO4 polymer concentration 20% general orientation in the capillary extra orientation in the air gap coagulation in cooled diluted sulfuric acid platinum capillary 65 air gap 10 mm with elongational stretch (6x) coagulation bath at 100C removal of sulfuric acid
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Vectran Vectran fiber is thermotropic, it is melt-spun, and it flows at a high temperature under pressure
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Carbon Fibers: Pyrolyzing Polyacrylonitrile Fibers
Young’s Modulus 325 Gpa Tensile Strength 3-6 GPa
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Electrospinning of Fibers
5-30 kV Driving force is charge dissipation, opposed by surface tension Forces are low Level of charge density is limited by breakdown voltage – Taylor cone formation Fiber diameter [Voltage]-1 “Inexpensive” and easy to form nanofibers from a solution of practically any polymer (Formhals 1934) Only small amount of material required
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Electrospun polymers Human hair (.06mm)
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Fibers 1000 X longer than diameter Often uniaxial strength
Kevlar-strongest organic fiber tensile strength 60GPa Young’s modulus 1TPa)
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Making Carbon Nanotubes
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Carbon Nanotube Fibers
1cm Nature 423, 703 (12 June 2003); doi: /423703a
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Fig. 4. Scanning electron micrograph of a dry ribbon deposited on a glass substrate. The black arrow indicates the main axis of the ribbons, which corresponds to the direction of the initial fluid velocity. Despite the presence of a significant amount of carbon spherical impurities, SWNTs bundles are preferentially oriented along the main axis. Scale BAR=667 nm
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SWNT Fiber after drawing
25 mm
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Fibers • Large aspect ratio (length/diameter) & strong (fewer defects)
• Common fibers: cellulose acetate, viscous cellulose, polyethylene, polypropylene, acrylics (acrylonitrile copolymers), nylon’s, polyester (PETE), PMMA (optics), urethane (Spandex). • High performance fibers: polyaramides (Kevlar), Uniaxially oriented gels (UHMWPE), Liquid crystals (Vectran) • Carbon fibers (Black Orlon or pitch based), carbon nanotubes • Methods for preparing: -Dry spinning -Wet spinning -Melt spinning -Gel spinning -electrospinning -growing (self-assembly)
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Polymides (PI) - Vespel®, Aurum®, P84®, and more.
Polybenzimidazole (PBI) - Celazole® Polyamide-imide (PAI) - Torlon® Polyetheretherketone (PEEK) - Victrex®, Kadel®, and more. Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) - Teflon®, Hostaflon® Polyphenylene Sulfide (PPS) - Ryton®, Fortron®, Thermocomp®, Supec® and more. Polyetherimide (PEI) - Ultem® Polypthalamide (PPA) - Amodel®, BGU®, and more. Aromatic Polyamides - Reny®, Zytel HTN®, Stanyl® Liquid Crystal Polymer (LCP) - Xydar®, Vectra®, Zenite®, and more. Other Polymers - Nylon, Polyacetal, Polycarbonate, Polypropylene, Ultra High Molecular Weight Polyethylene, ABS, PBT, and mor
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