1. Lectures in Macroeconomics- Charles W. Upton Wage Taxes and Labor Supply

2. SR and LR Labor Supply D S SR S LR H* w*

3. Wage Taxes and Labor Supply Our Agenda D S SR S LR H* w* Suppose the government imposes a tax τ w on wage income. That is, your after tax wage rate is now (1- τ w )w

4. Wage Taxes and Labor Supply Our Agenda D S SR S LR H* w* Suppose the government imposes a tax τ w on wage income. That is, your after tax wage rate is now (1- τ w )w How do the hours individuals work change?

5. Wage Taxes and Labor Supply Our Agenda D S SR S LR H* w* Suppose the government imposes a tax τ w on wage income. That is, your after tax wage rate is now (1- τ w )w How do the hours individuals work change? A Hint: this is not an obvious question.

6. Wage Taxes and Labor Supply SR Impact of Tax D S SR S LR H* w* H ´ ((1-  w )w´) w´w´ We will start by assuming a temporary wage tax. For example, the government decides to finance a war with a tax surcharge

7. Wage Taxes and Labor Supply Impact on Wages D S SR S LR H* w* H ´ ((1-  w )w´) w´w´ Gap between before tax and after tax wages

8. Wage Taxes and Labor Supply Impact on Hours Worked D S SR S LR H* w* H ´ ((1-  w )w´) w´w´ And reduction in hours worked

9. Wage Taxes and Labor Supply The Efficiency Loss D S SR S LR H* w* H ´ ((1-  w )w´) w´w´ The yellow triangle shows the efficiency loss

10. Wage Taxes and Labor Supply LR Impact of Tax D S SR S LR H* w* What happens in Long Run?

11. Wage Taxes and Labor Supply LR Impact of Tax D S SR S LR H* w* What happens in Long Run? This is Tricky.

12. Wage Taxes and Labor Supply A Foolish Project D S SR S LR H* w* H ´ (1-  w )w´ w´w´ Suppose the government imposes a permanent tax for a foolish project which will not make consumers better off or worse off

13. Wage Taxes and Labor Supply A Foolish Project D S SR S LR H* w* H ´ (1-  w )w´ w´w´ People move along the long run supply curve

14. Wage Taxes and Labor Supply Impact on Hours Worked D S SR S LR H* w* H ´ (1-  w )w´ w´w´ People move along the long run supply curve If we are in the backward bending part of the LR Labor Supply Curve, hours work increase

15. Wage Taxes and Labor Supply Impact on Wages D S SR S LR H* w* H ´ (1-  w )w´ w´w´ People move along the long run supply curve And the wage rate (both before tax and after tax) falls.

16. Wage Taxes and Labor Supply The Crucial Exception D S SR S LR H* w* The difference between LR and SR labor supply comes about because people feel poorer as wage rates go down.

17. Wage Taxes and Labor Supply The Crucial Exception D S SR S LR H* w* The difference between LR and SR labor supply comes about because people feel poorer as wage rates go down. People would certainly feel poorer if the government used the tax revenue for a foolish project.

18. Wage Taxes and Labor Supply Taxing for Social Services D S SR S LR H* w* The difference between LR and SR labor supply comes about because people feel poorer as wage rates go down. People would certainly feel poorer if the government used the tax revenue for a foolish project. But suppose the government used tax revenues to purchase goods like education and health care for people.

19. Wage Taxes and Labor Supply Taxing for Social Services D S SR S LR H* w* The difference between LR and SR labor supply comes about because people feel poorer as wage rates go down. People would certainly feel poorer if the government used the tax revenue for a foolish project. But suppose the government used tax revenues to purchase goods like education and health care for people. And suppose it was as efficient as the private sector in providing those goods.

20. Wage Taxes and Labor Supply Taxing for Social Services D S SR S LR H* w* The difference between LR and SR labor supply comes about because people feel poorer as wage rates go down. People would certainly feel poorer if the government used the tax revenue for a foolish project. But suppose the government used tax revenues to purchase goods like education and health care for people. And suppose it was as efficient as the private sector in providing those goods. Just as efficient. Not more efficient. Not less efficient.

21. Wage Taxes and Labor Supply Wealth Impact D S SR S LR H* w* Then people would not feel any poorer because of the new taxes. They would only see that, on the margin, working brought them less.

22. Wage Taxes and Labor Supply An Example D S SR S LR H* w* Joe Smith works 2,000 hours a year and earns $20 an hour.  w = 0.

23. Wage Taxes and Labor Supply The Cost of Leisure D S SR S LR H* w* Joe Smith works 2,000 hours a year and earns $20 an hour.  w = 0. Joe knows if he works an hour less, he has $20 less to spend.

24. Wage Taxes and Labor Supply Taxing for the Welfare State D S SR S LR H* w* Joe Smith works 2,000 hours a year and earns $20 an hour.  w = 0. Joe knows if he works an hour less, he has $20 less to spend. The government now makes education and health care free, and pays for them by setting  w = 40%

25. Wage Taxes and Labor Supply Impact on Joe D S SR S LR H* w* Joe Smith works 2,000 hours a year and earns $20 an hour.  w = 0. Joe knows if he works an hour less, he has $20 less to spend. The government now makes education and health care free, and pays for them by setting  w = 40% If Joe works a hour less, he gets $12 less to spend. But if he continues to work the same number of hours as before, he is neither richer nor poorer.

26. Wage Taxes and Labor Supply Impact on Joe D S SR S LR H* w* Joe Smith works 2,000 hours a year and earns $20 an hour.  w = 0. Joe knows if he works an hour less, he has $20 less to spend. The government now makes education and health care free, and pays for them by setting  w = 40% If Joe works a hour less, he gets $12 less to spend. But if he continues to work the same number of hours as before, he is neither richer nor poorer. If he works an hour less, he only sees the $12 cut (as opposed to a $20 cut w/o taxes). He knows that how much he works will not impact his health care or his kid’s education.

27. Wage Taxes and Labor Supply Impact on Joe D S SR S LR H* w* Joe Smith works 2,000 hours a year and earns $20 an hour.  w = 0. Joe knows if he works an hour less, he has $20 less to spend. The government now makes education and health care free, and pays for them by setting  w = 40% If Joe works a hour less, he gets $12 less to spend. But if he continues to work the same number of hours as before, he is neither richer nor poorer. If he works an hour less, he only sees the $12 cut (as opposed to a $20 cut w/o taxes). He knows that how much he works will not impact his health care or his kid’s education. They’re free remember?

28. Wage Taxes and Labor Supply Impact on Joe D S SR S LR H* w* Joe Smith works 2,000 hours a year and earns $20 an hour.  w = 0. Joe knows if he works an hour less, he has $20 less to spend. The government now makes education and health care free, and pays for them by setting  w = 40% If Joe works a hour less, he gets $12 less to spend. But if he continues to work the same number of hours as before, he is neither richer nor poorer. If he works an hour less, he only sees the $12 cut (as opposed to a $20 cut w/o taxes). He knows that how much he works will not impact his health care or his kid’s education. They’re free remember? In short, Joe is likely to respond to the higher taxes by working less.

29. Wage Taxes and Labor Supply A Summary D S SR S LR H* w* A temporary wage tax increase will push us down the SR labor supply curve

30. Wage Taxes and Labor Supply A Summary D S SR S LR H* w* A permanent wage tax increase used to a foolish project will move us down the LR Labor Supply Curve.

31. Wage Taxes and Labor Supply A Summary D S SR S LR H* w* A permanent wage tax increase used to fund social services will also push us down the SR labor supply curve

32. Wage Taxes and Labor Supply Efficiency Loss D S SR S LR H* w* HτHτ

33. Wage Taxes and Labor Supply End ©2004 Charles W. Upton. All rights reserved