1. ADSORPTION OF BASIC DYES ONTO LOW- COST ADSORBENTS: ANALYSIS OF THE EQUILIBRIUM STATE NATIONAL WORKSHOP ON “NEW TRENDS IN BIOTECHNOLOGY: THEORY AND APPLICATIONS Dr. Abel E. Navarro Science Department, Borough of Manhattan Community College, CUNY

2. PROBLEM Color: - Against the natural conception of pure water. It hides other types of pollution. - Prevents the penetration of sunlight into deep layers of water – Photosynthesis. - The biological risks have not been totally discarded (carcinogenic and toxic effects).

3. BIOREMEDIATION Use of biological techniques to remove pollutants from air, soil and water. Use of biological techniques to remove pollutants from air, soil and water. - Bioaccumulation: Living organism - Biosorption: Dead biomass

4. BIOSORPTION  Use of non-living biomasses to passively remove pollutants  Driven by physico-chemical processes  Algae, crustacean shells, eggshell, nutshell, fruit peels, fruit seeds, TEALEAVES.  Fast kinetics (saturation time).  Potential recyclability of waste

5. MECHANISM Complex structure, mainly formed by polysaccharides have many ways for pollutants to be taken up: - Metabolism dependent. - Non-metabolism dependent.

7. ADVANTAGES  Competitive performance.  Pollutant selectivity.  Cost effectiveness.  Pollutant recovery.  No sludge generation.

8. USES OF BIOSORPTION  Eco-friendly filtering technique.  Alternative for using man-made resins (x10 more expensive).  Potentially used for air and water.

9. TARGET POLLUTANTS  Basic Blue 99: Naphthoquinoneimine, cationic dye. Amino and hydroxyl groups present. Basic Yellow (BY57) Basic Blue 99 (BB99)

10. OUR ADSORBENTS  Why? High content of functional organic groups such as alcohol (fiber and carbohydrates), carboxylic acids and amines (structural polysaccharides).  Widespread use of green tea as a hot/cold drink. Massive collection from green tea industries (i.e. Arizona and other bottled tea-based drinks).

11. RESULTS Characterization of the Adsorbents by TGA, SEM, FTIR, SURFACE AND POROSITY Surface Area (m 2 /g)2,735.00 Micropore Volume (cm 3 /g)0.692 Total Pore Volume (cm 3 /g)1.106 FTIR ANALYSIScm -1 O-H STRETCH3436 N-H BENDING1636 C=O STRETCH1656 C-O STRETCH1111 C=O STRETCH1720

13. RESULTS pH Effect - Ionization of adsorbent’s surface and dye - Higher pH promotes higher adsorption. Mass Effect - Minimize amount of adsorbent. - Higher adsorption promotes formation of aggregates.

14. RESULTS  Isotherms were modeled by Langmuir and Freundlich theories. Langmuir q max (g/g)0.060.27 b (L/g)63.2925.82 R2R2 0.9790.988 Freundlich k F (L/g)0.231.27 n1.8291.448 R2R2 0.9840.978

15. RESULTS Salinity Effect: - Decreases adsorption due to competition for the adsorption sites. - Higher the charge, the stronger the effect. BY57 BB99

16. RESULTS Presence of Heavy Metals - Large and positively charge ions. - Present in residual waters. BY57 BB99

17. CONCLUSIONS  Green Tealeaves have proven to be promising adsorbents for model dyes BY57 and BB99.  TGA, FTIR, surface/porosity and SEM studies report advantages of GT as an alternative adsorbent.  Langmuir and Freundlich isotherms modeled the adsorption indicating a q max of 0.06 and 0.27g/g for BY57 and BB99, respectively.  Salinity and heavy metals have a negative effect on the adsorption of both dyes, due to competition for adsorption sites.

18. Acknowledgements Group Members: Michelle Naidoo Habib Zahir Rada Kostadinova Natalia Fernandez Alvaro Sponza San Shairzai Funding: Grant 001-2012-L’Oreal-CONCYTEC 2013-BMCC Faculty Development Grant CSTEP, PRISM and LSAMP programs