1. Business Performance Analysis (Part 2)

2. Profitability Ratios Calculation (1)
gross margin % = gross margin = sales - cost of sales (COS)
sales sales
operating profit % = operating profit = sales - COS - other operating expenses sales sales
or profit before
interest and tax (PBIT)
profit before tax % = profit before tax = operating profit +/- net interest (PBT) sales sales
net profit % = net profit = profit before tax (PBT) - corporation tax
or sales sales
return on sales (ROS)

3. Profitability Ratios Calculation (2)
return on investment (ROI) = operating profit _____ (pre-tax)
or return on capital employed total assets - current liabilities
(ROCE) % (usually averaged)
 return on equity (ROE) = profit after tax__
equity
capital turnover = sales____ ________
average capital employed in year

4. Efficiency Ratios

5. Efficiency Ratios Calculation (1)
debtor days = trade debtors x 365
sales
creditor days = trade creditors x 365
cost of sales (or purchases)
stock days = stock value_________
or stock average daily cost of sales in period
turnover
finished goods raw materials work in progress
average weekly average weekly raw average weekly
dispatches material usage production

6. Efficiency Ratios Calculation (2)
stock weeks = total stock value_____
average weekly cost of sales (total COS for the year divided by 52)
operating cycle (days) = stock days + debtor days - creditor days
operating cycle % = working capital requirement (stocks + debtors - creditors)
sales
asset turnover (times) = sales __
total assets

7. Liquidity Ratios

8. Liquidity Ratios Calculation
current ratio (times) = current assets__
current liabilities
acid test (times) = current assets - stocks_
or quick ratio current liabilities
defensive interval (days) = quick assets______ (current assets – stocks)
average daily cash from operations

9. Investment Ratios

10. Investment Ratios Calculation (1)
earnings per share = profit after tax - preference share dividends
or number of ordinary shares in issue
eps (pence)
dividend per share = total dividends paid to ordinary shareholders
number of ordinary shares in issue
dividend cover = earnings per share
dividend per share

11. Investment Ratios Calculation (2)
dividend yield % = dividend per share
share price
price/earnings ratio = current share price
or eps
P/E ratio
capital expenditure to sales % = capital expenditure for year
sales
capital expenditure to gross fixed assets % = capital expenditure for year___
gross value of tangible fixed assets

12. Financial Ratios

13. Financial Ratios Calculation (1)
  gearing = long-term debt equity + long-term debt   debt equity ratio = long-term debt or leverage (D/E) equity

14. Financial Ratios Calculation (2)
dividend cover (times) = earnings per share (eps) dividend per share interest cover (times) = profit before gross interest and tax gross interest payable which way also be considered in terms of cash flow:
cash interest cover (times) = net cash inflow from operations + interest received interest paid

15. The Best Performance Measure – Cash or Profit?
  cash flow and cash ratios are becoming increasingly as important as profit and profitability ratios in the measurement of business performance there is no best way of evaluating financial performance and there are advantages and disadvantages in using earnings per share or cash flow as the basis of measurement

16. Format 1 Profit and Loss Account
The Advantages and Disadvantages of Using Cash Flow as a Measure of Company Performance
Format Profit and Loss Account

17. Format 1 Profit and Loss Account
The Advantages and Disadvantages of Using Earnings per Share (eps) as a Measure of Company Performance
Format Profit and Loss Account

18. Tomkins plc EBITDA for 1998 to 2002
earnings before interest, tax, depreciation and amortisation, EBITDA is now commonly used as a close approximation of a cash flow performance measure