1. The Balance of Payments

2. The Balance of Payment
The balance of payments of a country is a systematic record of a country’s trade in goods, services, and financial assets between residents of that country and the rest of the world during a given period of time
Private transactions (individuals and business firms)
Official transactions (government transactions)

3. Economic Transaction
Any transaction has two sides. From the point of view of home country, the two sides are defined as:
Credit: Are those transactions that will bring foreign exchange into the country
Debit: Are those transactions that would mean a loss of foreign exchange

4. The Balance of Payment
Table 12.1 provides an example of the historic detailed balance of payments for the United States
Simplified US balance of Payments for 2000

5. Simplified US Balance of Payments for 2000 (billions $)
Credits
Debits
Net
Merchandise
772
1224
-452
Services
292
218 74
Income
353
331 22
Unilateral transfers
-53
Current Account
-410
US-owned assets abroad
-606
Foreign-owned assets
1015
Capital Account
Statistical Discrepancy
409 .8

6. Current account
Includes the value of trade in merchandise, services, income, and unilateral transfers
Figure 12.1 shows change in balance of payments over time
Current account excludes capital account transactions – purchases and sales of financial assets

7. United States Current Account Balance (1960-98)

8. Financing Current Account:
Large current account deficit means large capital account surplus.
Important items included in the capital account:
Direct Investment
Security purchases
Bank claims and liabilities
U.S. government assets abroad
Foreign official assets in the United States

9. Capital Account
One implication of capital account transaction pertains to the net creditor or net debtor position of a nation.
A net debtor owes more to the rest of the world than it is owed.
A net creditor is owed more than it owes.

10. National Savings, Investment and Current Account
Y=C+I+G+X
Where:
Y = National income
C= Consumption spending
I = Investment spending
G=Government spending
X=Net export or the current account

11. National Savings, Investment and Current Account
Rearranging the above equation:
Y-C-G=I+X=S
Where S = national saving
The above relationship indicates that national saving is equal to the sum of investment saving plus the current account balance.
Thus, current account must be equal to:
X=S-I

12. National Savings, Investment and Current Account
The country where investment greater than saving, spending greater than income, has a current account deficit.
The country where saving greater than investment, income greater than spending, has a current account surplus.

13. The World’s Largest Debtor
September 10, 1985 US became a debtor nation
In 1982 US reached its all-time high as a net creditor ($147 billion)
By 1985 US had massive current account deficits and corresponding capital account surpluses
On September 1985, the U.S. Commerce department announced that the United States was a debtor nation for the first time since world war I.
The magnitude of current account deficit in 1985 and 1986 made the U.S. the largest international debtor in the world with debt exceeding Mexico and Brazil.

14. The World’s Largest Debtor
To consume more at home then is produced, the US must borrow from abroad
US borrowed at high level
Large reduction in US foreign lending
US federal budget deficits made lending at home more attractive

15. The World’s Largest Debtor
What can change this position?
If dollar-denominated assets are no longer desired, dollar will tend to depreciate, interest rates will fall
Capital account surplus will equal to falling current account deficit
US will become a net lender

16. Additional Summary Measures
Balance-of-merchandise trade
Official settlements balance is the value of the change in financial assets held by foreign monetary agencies and official reserve asset transactions

17. Transactions classification
1)US bank makes a loan of $1 million to a Romanian food processor. This loan is funded by creating $1 million deposit for the Romanian firm in the US bank
2)US firm sells $1 million worth of wheat to the Romanian firm. The wheat is paid with the bank account created in transaction 1
3)US resident receives $10,000 in interest from German bonds she owned. The $10,000 is deposited in a German bank
4) A US tourist travels to Europe and spends the $10,000 German deposit

18. Balance of Payments Credit (+) Debit (-) Net Bal. Merchandise
$1 mil (2)
Services
10,000 (4)
Income
10,000(3)
Unilateral transfers
Current account
$+1 mil
Official capital
Private capital
$1 mil (1)
10,000 (3)
Totals
$2,020,000

19. Balance of Payments Equilibrium and Adjustment
Economic implications of the balance of payments
Global current account balance has summed to deficit in recent years due to inaccurate measurement of international financial transactions (service transactions)
2-country example of bilateral trade imbalances (A is a wealthy creditor country and B is a poor country that run trade surpluses with A
Balance of payments equilibrium – exports equal imports or credits equal debits for a particular account (current account or official settlements account)

20. Balance of Payments Equilibrium and Adjustment
Current account equilibrium for a nation would mean unchanging net creditor or debtor position, no need for net financing
Equilibrium on official settlements would mean no change in our financial assets held by foreign monetary agencies and reserve assets

21. Balance of Payments Equilibrium and Adjustment
There is a disequilibrium in the balance of payments, in official settlements part
Deficit countries will experience reserve asset losses and surplus countries – reserve accumulation
International reserve assets are composed of gold, IMF special drawing rights, and foreign exchange
Lets consider change in international reserve assets based on foreign exchange along

22. Balance of Payments Equilibrium and Adjustment
1 British pound is worth 1.50 US dollars
Supply-demand for foreign exchange market
Demand for pounds comes from US demand for British goods or financial assets
Supply of pounds comes from British buyers of US goods or financial assets
Upward sloping supply curve implies that as pound appreiciates in value US products are cheaper to Br. Buyers, more pounds supplied to this market

23. Balance of Payments Equilibrium and Adjustment
Equilibrium is restored at the new equil. Point
Flexible exchange rates - free market supply and demand determines the value of currencies
Fixed exchange rates –central banks set exchange rates at desired levels
Developing countries use direct controls on international trade to shift supply/demand curves