1. Consciousness and Its Variations
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2. Consciousness Described as a stream or river by William James
Introspection tried to capture the structure of consciousness
Modern study includes roles of psychological, physiological, social, and cultural influences
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3. Circadian Rhythm
Any rhythmic change that continues at close to a 24-hour cycle in the absence of 24-hour cues
body temperature
cortisol secretion
sleep and wakefulness
In the absence of time cues, the cycle period will become somewhat longer than 24 hours
Keywords: circadian rhythm
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4. Circadian Rhythm
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5. The Body’s Clock
Suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN)—cluster of neurons in the hypothalamus that governs the timing of circadian rhythms
Melatonin—hormone of the pineal gland that produces sleepiness
Bright light decreases production of melatonin; decreased light increases melatonin
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6. Stages of Sleep

7. EEG Waves
ist-socrates.berkeley.edu/ ~jmp/dreams.html
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8. Sleep Changes Throughout Life
Changes in quality and quantity are apparent
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9. Functions of Sleep
Restoration theory—body wears out during the day and sleep is necessary to put it back in shape
Adaptive theory—sleep emerged in evolution to preserve energy and protect during the time of day when there is considerable danger
Keywords: restoration theory, preservation and protection theory
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10. Sleep Deprivation Microsleep--episodes lasting only a few seconds
REM rebound--deprivation of REM sleep causes increase in time spent in REM sleep to “catch up”
NREM rebound--catching up on Stages 3 and 4 sleep
Keywords: sleep deprivation
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11. Individual Differences in Sleep Drive
Nonsomniacs—sleep far less than most, but do not feel tired during the day
Some individuals need more and some less than the typical 8 hours per night
Insomniacs—have a normal desire for sleep, but are unable to and feel tired during the day
Keywords: nonsomniacs, insomniacs
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12. Sleep Disorders Insomnia—inability to fall asleep or stay asleep
Night terrors—sudden arousal from sleep and intense fear accompanied by physiological reactions (e.g., rapid heart rate, perspiration) that occur during slow-wave sleep
Narcolepsy—overpowering urge to fall asleep that may occur while talking or standing up
Restless Legs Syndrome--RLS unpleasant sensations in lower legs and urge to move legs disrupts sleep.
Sleep apnea—failure to breathe when asleep
REM sleep behavior disorder—sleeper acts out his or her dreams
Keywords: somnambulism, nightmares, night terrors, narcolepsy, sleep apnea
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13. Dreams and REM Sleep
True dream—vivid, detailed dreams consisting of sensory and motor sensations experienced during REM
Sleep thinking—lacks vivid sensory and motor sensations, is more similar to daytime thinking, and occurs during slow-wave sleep
Keywords: true dream, sleep thought
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14. Brain and REM Sleep Active areas during REM--amygdala and hippocampus
Inactive areas during REM--frontal lobes and primary visual cortex
REM sleep plays a role in memory consolidation
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15. Significance of Dreams
Psychoanalytic Interpretation
Activation Synthesis Model
Keywords: side effect view of dreaming
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16. Psychoanalytic Interpretation
Manifest content—elements of the dream that are consciously experienced and remembered
Latent content—the unconscious wishes that are concealed in the manifest content
Dreams as “wish fulfillments”
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17. Activation Synthesis Model
Brain activity during sleep produces dream images (activation) which are combined by the brain into a dream story (synthesis). Meaning is to be found by analyzing the way the dreamer makes sense of the progression of chaotic dream images.
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18. Highly focused attention Increased responsiveness to suggestion
Hypnosis
State of awareness
Highly focused attention
Increased responsiveness to suggestion
Vivid imagery
Willingness to accept distortions of logic
Alteration of sensation and perception
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19. Hypnosis and Memory
Posthypnotic suggestion--during hypnosis a suggestion is made for the person to carry out some behavior after hypnosis is over
Posthypnotic amnesia--inability to remember specific information because of a posthypnotic suggestion
Hypermnesia--enhancement of memory because of posthypnotic suggestion
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20. Meditation
Sustained concentration that focuses attention and heightens awareness
Lowered physiological arousal
decreased heart rate
decreased BP
Predominance of alpha brain waves
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21. Meditation Techniques
Concentration techniques--control attention by focusing awareness on a visual image, word, or phrase
Opening-up techniques--control attention by focusing on the “here and now”
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22. Psychoactive Drugs Depressants—inhibit brain activity
Opiates—produce pain relief and euphoria
Stimulants—increase brain activity
Psychedelics—distort sensory perceptions
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23. Common Properties Physical dependence Tolerance Withdrawal symptoms
Drug rebound effect
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24. Depressants Alcohol—CNS depressant
Barbiturates—induce sleep but can cause dependence and as a result serious withdrawal symptoms
Tranquilizers—relieve anxiety but can be addictive
Effects are additive
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25. BAC Effects Euphoria (BAC = 0.03 to 0.12)
Excitement (BAC = 0.09 to 0.25)
Confusion (BAC = 0.18 to 0.30)
Stupor (BAC = 0.25 to 0.4)
Death (BAC more than 0.50 )
They become more self-confident or daring. Their attention span shortens. They may look flushed. Their judgment is not as good - they may say the first thought that comes to mind, rather than an appropriate comment for the given situation. They have trouble with fine movements, such as writing or signing their name.
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26. Areas of the brain that may be affected by FAS
The illustration below is from Vol. 18, No. 1, 1994 of the Journal Alcohol Health & Research World.
From website:
Areas of the brain that may be affected by FAS
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27. Opiates
Chemically similar to morphine and have strong pain-relieving properties, can be addictive
Mimic the brain’s endorphins
Heroin, methadone
Percodan, Demerol
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28. Stimulants Caffeine Nicotine Amphetamines Cocaine
Stimulant induced psychosis
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29. Psychedelics Create perceptual distortions Mescaline LSD Marijuana
Flashback reactions and psychotic episodes
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30. “Club” Drugs Ecstasy (MDMA)—feelings of euphoria, increased well-being
Side effects—dehydration, hyperthermia, tremor, rapid heartbeat
Dissociative anesthetics—include PCP and Ketamine. Deaden pain, produce stupor or coma, and may induce hallucinations.
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