Safety requirements of Audio, video and similar electronic apparatus IEC 60065/IEC 62368-1 AFSEC 26/27-08-2013 NAIROBI Jean LANZO Certification Officer.

Safety requirements of Audio, video and similar electronic apparatus IEC 60065/IEC 62368-1
AFSEC 26/ NAIROBI Jean LANZO Certification Officer

Sommaire History Scope Objectives and covered risks
Safety general principles Terminology The circuits Grade of Insulation Quantification of insulation Heating Resistance to fire Fault conditions Television receivers Philosophy of CEI

HISTORY AFSEC 26/ NAIROBI Jean LANZO Certification Officer

ACOS = Advisory Committee On Safety
HISTORY IEC 60065:1952 (ed 1.0) Safety requirements for electric mains operated radio receiving apparatus 1952 ACOS = Advisory Committee On Safety IEC 60065:1965 (ed 2.0) Safety requirements for mains operated electronic and related equipment for domestic and similar general use IEC 60950:1986 (ed 1.0) Safety of information technology equipment including electrical business equipment 1965 1986 IEC 60950:1991 (ed 2.0) + A1: A2: A3: A4:1996 IEC 60065:1998 (ed 6.0) Audio, video and similar electronic apparatus – Safety requirements 1996 GUIDE IEC 112:1998 (ed 1.0) by ACOS Guide on the safety of multimedia equipment

HISTORY IEC 60065: (ed 7.0) Audio, video and similar electronic apparatus – Safety requirements TC92 IEC :2001 (ed 3) Information technology equipment – Safety – Part 1: General requirements TC 74 2001 Evolution of apparatus functionalities High density of electronic components ==> Increase and mixing of functionalities TC = (TC TC 74) IEC 60065:2001 +A1: TC108 IEC : TC108 2005 CEI : TC108 2010 2013

SCOPE AFSEC 26/ NAIROBI Jean LANZO Certification Officer

Scope Electronics apparatus for Household and similar general use
reception, generation, recording Record and reproduction of audio, video and associated signals Combination of the above apparatus Household and similar general use Places of public assembly School, theatres, Workplace

Scope Supplied by: At a rated voltage of
Mains External power supply module Battery Remote power feeding At a rated voltage of 250 V (single phase) or 433 V (other than single phase) May be connected to telecommunication network or Cable distribution network of antenna signal

Some apparatus within the scope
Sound and /or image receiver and amplifier (radio, television set, Citizen Band radio etc..); Supply apparatus intended to supply other apparatus in this standard scope; Audio and/or video educational apparatus (record player, tape reader, tape walkman and video player, etc..); Multimedia apparatus; Beamer; Video recorder and associated monitors (camera, camcorder, etc..) ; Electronic gaming and scoring machines; Juke boxes;

Some apparatus within the scope
Electronic light effect apparatus; cable head-end receivers; Antenna signal converters and amplifiers; Antenna positioners; Alarm systems apparatus; Record and optical disc players; Professional sound/video systems; Electronic flash apparatus for photographic purposes; Etc…

Apparatus out of the scope
Film, slide and overhead projectors IEC gaming and scoring machines for commercial use IEC

OBJECTIVES and covered risks

Objectives Standard requirements allow A protection against:
Hazardous current through human body (electrical choc) Excessive temperature value Fire ignition and propagation Mechanical instability Injury from mechanical parts Hazardous radiations Implosion and explosion effects Design of a reliable apparatus

Risks of electrical choc
Current flow through human body Observed physiological effects depend on: Intensity of the current Applied voltage and frequency Body impedance (contact surface, humidity) Duration of the passage Current path in the body

High intensity : directs effects Burning Ventricular fibrillation Low intensity : involuntary reaction Downfall Injury Etc.…

Direct contact in normal condition Parts at hazardous voltage Insulation failure; in fault condition Rupture of the electric envelope Contact current

Short-circuit between high current energy source connectors Arcing Emission of molten metal Burning Possible risks with low voltage circuits Battery

Thermal and fire risks Excessive heating Ignition, fire In normal use
In single fault situation Overload, Insulation failure Ignition, fire Releasing of connection Inflammation of liquid

Mechanical risks Instability Sharp edges and corners Moving parts
On inclined plane In full deployment situation Sharp edges and corners Moving parts Projection of particles Implosion of cathode ray tube (CRT) Explosion of battery

Radiations risks Radiations Lasers and LED Sound frequencies
Radio frequencies

SAFETY GENERAL PRINCIPLES

Design principle Safety integration
Inform the user about the residual risks Marking/Training Protect for risks which cannot be removed at the design phase Remove or lower the risk at the design phase Goal: cancel all risk during the foreseeable life time of the apparatus : transportation, installation, usage, shutdown and disposal

Design principle Avoid risks in normal operation conditions but also:
In fault condition In foreseeable unexpected usage Under external environmental influences (temperature, humidity, altitude, pollution, overvoltage etc…)

Design principle Choose material and components in such a way that they can: Operate without being hazard source, during the apparatus life time Be compatible with the other components Operate correctly in their ratings Avoid hazard in single fault condition

Implementation (against electrical choc)
Identify type of circuits in the apparatus (Primary, Secondary, Low voltage, Extra-low voltage, Safety Extra low voltage, current limited , Telecommunication network voltage, cable distribution of antenna signal). Determine insulation between: - circuits taken by pairs, - each circuit and accessible part (basic, supplementary, double, reinforced) Verify conformity to standard requirements (creepage distance, clearance, solid insulation, dielectric strength )

TERMINOLGY AFSEC Jean LANZO Certification Officer 26/27-08-2013
NAIROBI Jean LANZO Certification Officer

Electrical rating Tolerance = +10%, -10% Mains
power source with voltage > 35 V (peak) a.c. or d.c. Rated voltage; rated current consumption; rated power consumption; rated frequency; Values in normal operating condition Expected to be marked on the apparatus As an alternative, rated current consumption and rated power consumption may be given in the instruction manual. “/” for user selectable ratings (120/240 V) “-” for rating range ( V) Tolerance = +10%, -10%

Electrical classification
Basic insulation + earth connection of conductive accessible parts Class II Double insulation or reinforced insulation Class III: Not defined in IEC Defined in IEC and CEI Apparatus supplied by a SELV circuit or Energy Source class 1 (ES1) and No internal hazardous voltage or Energy Source class 3 (ES3)

Connection to the mains
Direct connection to the mains Conductive connection to the mains Permanently connected apparatus Needs a tool Cannot be loosened by hand Remote power feeding supply of power to apparatus via a cable network (e.g.: Telecommunication) Apparatus ≥ 9 A Mains fuse Apparatus ≥ 0,7 mA Mains 2000 Ω

Pluggable equipment Type A connection to a mains supply via a non-industrial plug and socket-outlet or a non-industrial appliance coupler, or both Pluggable equipment Type B connection to a mains supply via a industrial plug and socket-outlet or an appliance coupler, or both, complying with IEC 60309 Protective earthing terminal TERMINAL to which parts are connected and which is required to be connected to earth for safety reasons

Enclosure Enclosure housing affording the type and degree of protection suitable for the intended application Safeguard against the spread of fire from inside to outside of the product Safeguard against mechanically-caused injury Safeguard against electrically-caused injury Minimize the spread of fire or flames from within Reduce the risk of injury due to mechanical and other physical hazards Limit access to parts that may be at hazardous voltage or Hazardous energy level Fire enclosure Mechanical enclosure Electrical enclosure

Enclosure The enclosure may be only for one protection
The same enclosure can provide all the three protections. Decorative enclosure Is outside the mechanical enclosure of the apparatus Has no safeguard function

Signals, sources and loads
Noise signal random signal having normal probability distribution of instantaneous values. Pink noise Energy per unit bandwidth inverse, proportional to frequency Rated load impedance Output circuit load specified by the manufacturer (4 Ω, 2x8 Ω, 32 Ω etc..)

Signals, sources and loads
Source transducer Convert the energy of a non electrical signal to electrical energy Load transducer convert the energy of an electrical signal into another form of energy Non-clipped output power 1000 Hz sine-wave power dissipated at the onset of clipping on either one, or both peaks.

Pollution degree Pollution degree 1 Pollution degree 2
No pollution or dry pollution, non-conductive, Pollution degree 2 Normal, non-conductive, possibility of temporary conductivity due to condensation Pollution degree 3 Conductive pollution area, or non-conductive pollution which could become conductive due to expected condensation

TYPE OF CIRCUITS AFSEC Jean LANZO Certification Officer 26/27-08-2013

Type of circuits Primary Secondary Hazardous live voltage
Hazardous energy Low Voltage Extra Low Voltage Safety Extra Low Voltage Limited current Telecommunication network Cable distribution network

Type of circuits Primary circuit: conductively connected to the mains; may content the following components: Cables Primary winding of transformer Filters components (mainly for EMC reasons) Motors Relay Fan Fuse Etc.… Secondary circuit: not conductively connected to the mains Separated from primary circuit Supplied by isolation means: transformer, converter etc…

Type of circuits Hazardous live voltage Hazardous energy
> 35 V peak or 60 V d.c. > 120 V rms for professional audio apparatus signal > 71 V rms. for non professional audio apparatus signal Hazardous energy Stored charge > 45 µC for charging voltage U: V < U ≤ 15kV peak or d.c. For charging voltage U > 15 kV peak or d.c., then discharged energy > 350 mJ Extra Low Voltage (ELV) ≤ 35 V peak or ≤ 60 V d.c. in normal condition Hazardous voltage in single fault condition

Type of circuits Safety Extra Low Voltage (SELV)
≤ 35 V peak or ≤ 60 V d.c. in normal condition ≤ 70 V peak or ≤ 120 V d.c. in single fault condition Separated from hazardous voltage by 3 methods M1: double insulation or reinforced insulation M2: basic insulation with screen connected to the earth M3: basic insulation with secondary circuit connected to the earth Separated from TNV2 and TNV3 circuit by basic insulation

Type of circuits Current limited circuits: by construction, the current never become dangerous, regardless the voltage level. IEC 60065: current (using measuring network), between any part of the circuit and accessible part (Touch Current) IEC : current (measured through non inductive 2000 Ohms load or using measuring network) between: any two parts of the circuit, any part of the circuit and earth any part of the circuit and accessible part

Type of circuits Current limited circuits: measuring network
Current limits and measured values in normal conditions 0,7 mA peak for sinusoidal or mixed signals U2 = 0,35 V peak a.c. 2 mA d.c U1 = 1 V d.c. 70 mA peak for frequency >100kHz U1 = 35 V peak a.c. Under tropical climate, current limits are multiplied by 2

Type of circuits Current limited circuits measuring network
Current limits and measured values under single fault 2,8 mA peak for sinusoidal or mixed signals U2 = 1,4 V peak a.c. 8 mA d.c U1 = 4 V d.c. 140 mA peak for frequency >100kHz U1 = 70 V peak a.c.

Type of circuits Leakage current: equivalent to « Touch Current » in the protective earthing connection

Type of circuits Telecommunication network
Metallic wire ended transmission means for communication between two apparatus May be submitted to atmospheric overvoltage Telecommunication Network Voltage circuit (TNV) Located inside the apparatus Not conductively connected to the mains Has limited accessible surface Voltage level limited in normal and in single fault conditions 4 types: TNV0, TNV1, TNV2 et TNV3

Type of circuits TNV0 and TNV1 limits same SELV
SELV < (TNV2 and or TNV3) < TNV limits TNV limits

Type of circuits Summary table for TNV circuits

Type of circuits TNV-3 TNV-3 TNV-1 PABX PABX digital TNV-2 TNV-0
Analogic interface PABX digital TNV-2 TNV-0

GRADE OF INSULATION AFSEC Jean LANZO Certification Officer
26/ NAIROBI Jean LANZO Certification Officer

Grade of insulation Insulation Special case of functional insulation
Conceptual separation between two circuits or between a circuit and an accessible part. Basic, supplementary, double or reinforced (electrical choc protection). Functional Special case of functional insulation Not provides protection against electrical choc Can be used to lower ignition risk (between SELV and protective Earth) Can be used for EMC reasons (Electro-Magnetic Compatibility )

Grade of insulation Insulation Level of protection 1 F B 2 S D R
E (earth) Level of protection 1 2

Suitable protection against electrical choc
Grade of insulation PRINCIPLE: always 2 levels of protection Suitable protection against electrical choc Earth connection Basic + Supplementary Basic + Double Reinforced = = = =

Data output connector: RS232... Metallic enclosure connected to earth
Grade of insulation Example Outlet Data output connector: RS232... Mains connection Primary SELV Hazardous voltage TNV Telecommunication lines Current limited D R B B ou S S/R F Metallic enclosure connected to earth

Grade of insulation Exercise (To find circuit type and insulation grade) Metallic enclosure 1000 V d.c; 1 mA Connection to the mains 85 V + 5 V 120 V a.c. + 18 V

QUANTIFICATION OF THE INSULATION

Quantification of the insulation
Creepage distance (CR) Shortest distance between two conductive parts, measured on the surface of the insulating material Clearance (CL) Shortest distance between two conductive parts, measured in the air See Annex E of IEC 60065:2011 for all possible situations

Quantification of the insulation
Distance through the isolation Thickness of solid insulation Insulation resistance Measurement on any insulation type Dielectric strength On any insulation type On thin sheet materials May be required in addition to CR and CL. On any insulation as validation test after environmental treatment (heating, cooling, humidity, vibration, choc etc…)

Factors influencing Insulation Measurement
Creepage distance Tables 8, 9, 10 et 12 Supply voltage Pollution degree Grade of insulation Working voltage Overvoltage category Material group and comparative tracking index Clearance: Tables 11 et 12 Supply voltage Pollution degree Grade of insulation Overvoltage category Working voltage

Distance through insulation: §8.8 Grade of insulation Insulation resistance: Table 5 Dielectric strength: Table 5 Supply voltage Working voltage

Working voltage: Maximum voltage value between 2 circuits separated by an insulation (expressed in rms, peak or d.c.) Value including non-periodic superimposed pulses with a half-value time longer than 50 ns Unearthed accessible conductive parts shall be assumed to be connected to an earth terminal Floating circuit assumed to be connected to an earth terminal at the point which results in the highest working voltage being obtained; Double insulation: short-circuit across on of the insulation when measuring the second one and vice versa.

Factors influencing insulation Measurement
Working voltage: Between two transformer windings: TS = highest voltage between any two ends of the windings Between transformer winding and other parts of the apparatus: TS = highest voltage between any end of the winding and the other part

Overvoltage category: Define the level of overvoltage on the mains according to 4 identified areas IV: Outdoor power lines and cables III: Building installation II: Equipments, apparatus I: parts of apparatus connected to secondary circuit IV III II I

Table from IEC

Material group: characterisation of resistance against spread of arching on insulation material surface CTI = Comparative Tracking Index 4 groups I ≤ CTI II 400 ≤ CTI < 600 IIIa 175 ≤ CTI< 400 IIIb 100 ≤ CTI < 175 If CTI not known, group IIIb is used.

Insulation : special cases
Thin sheet material : no insulation thickness required if: Basic and supplementary insulation 2 layers of sheet material, each withstand the dielectric strength test 3 layers of sheet material with any 2 by 2 combination withstand the dielectric strength test Reinforced insulation 2 layers of sheet material withstand the dielectric strength test 3 layers of sheet material with any 2 by 2 combination withstand the dielectric strength test

Insulation : special cases
Thin sheet material : Dielectric strength test instrument

insulation : special cases
Printed board CR and CL between 2 conductors, one may be conductively connected to the mains : Figure 10 d d lacquer = ignored type B coated printed board (type 2) shall comply with the requirements of IEC

Jointed insulation Uncemented joints: normal CR et CL Cemented joints : no CR et CL; but 3 samples submitted to 10 times the following thermal cycling test 68 h at (X ± 2)°C 1 h at (25 ± 2)°C 2 h at (0 ± 2)°C 1 sample submitted to dielectric strength with test level x 1,6 and after humidity treatment 2 samples submitted to dielectric strength with test level x 1,6 without humidity treatment No insulation breakdown X= (Max temperature max during heating test + 10K), with minimum 85°C

Enclosed and sealed parts (§13.7) Not directly connected to the mains CR and CL in Table 12 3 samples submitted to 10 times thermal cycling test 68 h at (X ± 2)°C 1 h at (25 ± 2)°C 2 h at (0 ± 2)°C X= (Max temperature max during heating test + 10K), with minimum 85°C Dielectric strength test No failure allowed.

Enclosed, filled and sealed parts (§13.8) Insulating compound fills all internal void spaces No CR and CL; but 3 samples submitted to 10 times thermal cycling test as above. Dielectric strength test After test, visual verification: no cracks in the encapsulating, impregnating or other material, coatings not loosened or shrunk no significant voids in the material after sectioning the component

Insulation resistance , Dielectric strength
Measured with 500 V d.c. Dielectric strength Direct current voltage or alternative current voltage at mains frequency The measurement equipment shall be able to source 200mA when its output is short-circuited Internal overcurrent limited to 100 mA during test Application of half of the maximum test voltage, increase quickly the voltage level to the maximum value and maintain it for 1 minute.

Insulation resistance , Dielectric strength

HEATING AFSEC 26/ NAIROBI Jean LANZO Certification Officer

Heating Test conditions Maximum load configuration
Apparatus positioned in accordance with the instructions for use If position not specified, 5 cm behind the front edge of an open-fronted wooden test box with 1 cm free space along the sides and top and 5 cm depth behind the apparatus Apparatus supplied at maximum ranges of rated supply voltages with tolerance values added Measurement after thermal stability (in general after 4 hours of operating) Test environment air shall be quiet and not ventilated

Heating Measurement method
By thermocouples (refer to IECEE document reference CTL-OP 108) By resistor variation Motor Transformer Inductance Not used for switching mode power supply transformer

Heating Permissible temperature rise: tableau 3
Maximum values in single fault condition Permissible value can be exceeded in the following situations: Short-circuit of insulation which withstand dielectric strength test Short-circuit or disconnection of a component in conformity of requirements of the standard clause 14

Heating Maximum values in single fault condition
Permissible value can be exceeded in the following situation: operation of replaceable or resettable protective devices °C Permissible Temperature rise Heating test 2 min t Heating test t 1 min Measurement of dielectric strength

Heating Maximum values in single fault condition
Permissible values can be exceeded: on printed circuit board: by 100K for 5min for class V-0 printed circuit board on one or more small surfaces with total value no more than 2 mm2 in case of no electrical choc. Conductors can be interrupted, peeled or loosened during the test providing that: The printed board is classified V-0 The interruption is not a potential fire source CL and Cr are not reduced Protective earthing connection is maintained

RESISTANCE TO FIRE AFSEC Jean LANZO Certification Officer

Resistance to fire Objective: Prevent Solutions
Ignition (Potential ignition source : V > 50 V d.c. or peak and P > 15 VA) Spread of fire Solutions Good design practice in order to prevent potential ignition sources Thermal cut-out Electronic circuit for protection (IC current limiter) Choice of appropriate components Flammability categories as per IEC Their position in the apparatus Implementation of fire enclosure

Resistance to fire 5V Flammability categories V-0
From HB, outer decorative part, to 5V metallic enclosure Wood and wood-based material of thickness > 6 mm === V-1 HB V-2 V-1 V-0 5V

Resistance to fire No Flammability class required
Ventilation opening < 1 mm Envelop > V-0 components Metallic parts < 4g Capacitors volume < 1750 mm3 Small electrical components Printed board V-1

Resistance to fire

FAULT CONDITIONS AFSEC Jean LANZO Certification Officer 26/27-08-2013

Fault conditions Implementation conditions
Apparatus in normal working situation Only one single fault each time Multiple faults can result from the applied single fault Possibility of non operation of the apparatus after the fault test

Fault conditions Which fault to simulate? Open and short-circuit
Overload of the output of linear or switch mode power supply transformer Continuous dissipation of apparatus designed for non-continuous dissipation Excessive dissipation of integrated circuit Isolation breakdown between primary circuit and any accessible parts: conductive accessible parts earthed metallic screen SELV Limited current circuit

Fault conditions Which fault to simulate?
Unexpected impedance value loaded on power output terminal Short-circuit of protection components (thermostats, temperature limiter) or of component bridging these protections if the apparatus is used without surveillance Opening of component in regulation circuit loop Overload of motors (blocked rotor) neutralisation des timers simulation of cooling liquid leakage

Fault conditions Evaluation during fault conditions
No excessive heating No hazardous voltage or energy on accessible parts No loosening of protective earth connection Moving parts shall not become dangerous In case of ignition, no spread of fire outside of the enclosure (flame shall stop in less than 10 s)

TELEVISION RECEIVER AFSEC Jean LANZO Certification Officer

Particular tests Surge test (§10.1) Between :
TERMINALS for the connection of antenna AND MAINS supply TERMINALS Between any other TERMINAL of apparatus providing supply to antenna apparatus 50 discharges at a maximum rate of 12/min, from a capacitor of 1 nF charged to 10 kV (tested apparatus is not supplied) Expected result: dielectric strength test OK

Particular tests Surge test (§10.1) Test circuit

Particular tests Surge test (§10.1) Example of switch S

Particular tests Antenna coaxial sockets (§12.5)
3 tests in the following order: Endurance: 100 insertion and withdrawal Impact: 3 spring-operated hammer impact of 0,5 J Torque: 10 times 50 N force applied during 10 s Followed by a dielectric strength test No damage in the sense of this standard: No access to hazardous voltage No damage to any isolation

Particular tests Antenna coaxial sockets
Test plug for endurance test and its dimensions

Particular tests Mechanical strength of picture tubes(§18)
Protective film required if maximum face dimension > 16 cm Intrinsically protected tubes: IEC tested No Intrinsically protected tubes : implosion test Scratch on the side or on the face of the tube Repeatedly cooling with liquid nitrogen (-273°C + 77 K = -196 °C) up to fracture Expected result: No particle exceeding 2 g shall have passed a 25 cm high barrier, placed 50 cm from the tube No particle, regardless its size, shall have passed a similar barrier at 2 m.

Particular tests Mechanical strength of glass (§19.5)
Excluded: picture tubes; laminated glass with surface area > 0,1 m2 or major dimension > 450 mm Test: 3 shocks of 0,5 J using impact hammer If the glass breaks or cracks: fragmentation test §19.5.1 Expected result: number of particles counted in a square of 50 mm > 45 or no loose of particles in the square (particles are kept together)

Equipments list

PHILOSOPHY OF IEC 62368-1 AFSEC Jean LANZO Certification Officer

Safety as per IEC PRINCIPLE 1- Pain, injury or property damage occurs during transfer of energy from an energy source to a body part or to property 2- Safety = interposition of safeguard in order to reduce the likelihood of the transfer of the energy and/or the hazard level Energy source Energy transfer Body part Three block model for pain and injury

Safety as per IEC 62368-1 Energy source Safeguard Body Energy source
Three blocks model for safety Energy source Safeguard Body Models for protection against fire Energy source Safeguard Fuel material Energy source Safeguard Fuel material

IEC 62368-1: the safeguards Equipment safeguard Installation safeguard
basic supplementary double reinforced Installation safeguard Specified by the manufacturer Implementation not controlled by the manufacturer Personal safeguard

IEC 62368-1: the safeguards Instructional safeguards
basic supplementary reinforced Precautionary safeguard for class 2 Energy Source provided by skilled person to instructed person training experiences supervision Skilled safeguards for class 2 and class 3 Energy Source related to skilled person

Verify conformity to standard requirement
IEC : implementation Identify and classify the Energy Source for each type of hazard (SE1, SE2, SE3). Require the appropriate Protection for each Energy Source (basic, supplementary, double , reinforced) Verify conformity to standard requirement

Thank you AFSEC 26/ NAIROBI Jean LANZO Certification Officer

Safety requirements of Audio, video and similar electronic apparatus IEC 60065/IEC 62368-1 AFSEC 26/27-08-2013 NAIROBI Jean LANZO Certification Officer.

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Safety requirements of Audio, video and similar electronic apparatus IEC 60065/IEC 62368-1 AFSEC 26/27-08-2013 NAIROBI Jean LANZO Certification Officer.

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Presentation on theme: "Safety requirements of Audio, video and similar electronic apparatus IEC 60065/IEC 62368-1 AFSEC 26/27-08-2013 NAIROBI Jean LANZO Certification Officer."— Presentation transcript:

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