1. Essentials of Dental Radiography for Dental Assistants and Hygienists CHAPTER Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Essentials of Dental Radiography for Dental Assistants and Hygienists, Ninth Edition Evelyn M. Thomson Orlen N. Johnson NINTH EDITION Dental X-ray Film 7

2. Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Essentials of Dental Radiography for Dental Assistants and Hygienists, Ninth Edition Evelyn M. Thomson Orlen N. Johnson Objectives Define the key words. List and describe the four parts of an intraoral film. Describe latent image formation. List and describe the four parts of an intraoral film packet. Differentiate between the tube side and the back side of an intraoral film packet.

3. Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Essentials of Dental Radiography for Dental Assistants and Hygienists, Ninth Edition Evelyn M. Thomson Orlen N. Johnson Objectives Identify the intraoral film speeds currently available for dental radiographs. Match the intraoral film size with customary usage. Match the type of intraoral projection with radiographic need. Explain the difference between intraoral and extraoral film.

4. Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Essentials of Dental Radiography for Dental Assistants and Hygienists, Ninth Edition Evelyn M. Thomson Orlen N. Johnson Objectives List typical extraoral film sizes. Compare and contrast duplicating film with radiographic film. List the seven conditions that fog stored film.

5. Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Essentials of Dental Radiography for Dental Assistants and Hygienists, Ninth Edition Evelyn M. Thomson Orlen N. Johnson Key Words Antihalation coating Bitewing radiograph Duplicating film Emulsion Extraoral film Film packet Film speed Gelatin

6. Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Essentials of Dental Radiography for Dental Assistants and Hygienists, Ninth Edition Evelyn M. Thomson Orlen N. Johnson Key Words Halide Identification dot lntensifying screen Intraoral film Latent image Occlusal radiograph Pedodontic film Periapical radiograph

7. Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Essentials of Dental Radiography for Dental Assistants and Hygienists, Ninth Edition Evelyn M. Thomson Orlen N. Johnson Key Words Screen film Silver halide crystals Solarized emulsion Tube side

8. Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Essentials of Dental Radiography for Dental Assistants and Hygienists, Ninth Edition Evelyn M. Thomson Orlen N. Johnson Introduction Because radiation’s interaction with film is what allows for the use of x-rays in preventive oral health care, the dental assistant and dental hygienist should possess a working knowledge of how radiographic film records an image.

9. Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Essentials of Dental Radiography for Dental Assistants and Hygienists, Ninth Edition Evelyn M. Thomson Orlen N. Johnson Introduction Determining how film can best be used to provide the most diagnostic information while exposing the patient to the least amount of radiation possible is key to radiation safety.

10. Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Essentials of Dental Radiography for Dental Assistants and Hygienists, Ninth Edition Evelyn M. Thomson Orlen N. Johnson Introduction The dental assistant and dental hygienist need to make appropriate decisions regarding film use and handling.

11. Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Essentials of Dental Radiography for Dental Assistants and Hygienists, Ninth Edition Evelyn M. Thomson Orlen N. Johnson Figure 7-1 Schematic cross-section drawing of dental x-ray film. The rigid but flexible film base is coated on both sides with an emulsion consisting of silver halide (bromide and iodide) crystals embedded in gelatin. Each emulsion layer is attached to the base by a thin layer of adhesive. The emulsion layers are covered by a supercoating of gelatin to protect the emulsion from scratching and handling.

12. Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Essentials of Dental Radiography for Dental Assistants and Hygienists, Ninth Edition Evelyn M. Thomson Orlen N. Johnson Composition of Dental X-ray Film Film base Adhesive Emulsion Protective layer

13. Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Essentials of Dental Radiography for Dental Assistants and Hygienists, Ninth Edition Evelyn M. Thomson Orlen N. Johnson Latent Image Formation During radiation exposure, the x-rays strike and ionize some, but not all, of the silver halide crystals, resulting in the formation of a latent (invisible) image.

14. Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Essentials of Dental Radiography for Dental Assistants and Hygienists, Ninth Edition Evelyn M. Thomson Orlen N. Johnson Types of Dental X-ray Film Intraoral Extraoral Duplicating

15. Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Essentials of Dental Radiography for Dental Assistants and Hygienists, Ninth Edition Evelyn M. Thomson Orlen N. Johnson Types of Dental X-ray Film Intraoral –Film packet –Packaging –Film emulsion speeds (sensitivity) –Film size –Types of projections

16. Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Essentials of Dental Radiography for Dental Assistants and Hygienists, Ninth Edition Evelyn M. Thomson Orlen N. Johnson Figure 7-2 Intraoral film packets showing the front or tube side (white, unprinted side of the film packet) (top) and the back side (color-coded side) of the film packet (bottom).

17. Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Essentials of Dental Radiography for Dental Assistants and Hygienists, Ninth Edition Evelyn M. Thomson Orlen N. Johnson Figure 7-3 Back of an open film packet. (1) Moisture-resistant outer wrap. (2) Black paper. (3) Film. (4) Lead foil backing.

18. Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Essentials of Dental Radiography for Dental Assistants and Hygienists, Ninth Edition Evelyn M. Thomson Orlen N. Johnson Figure 7-4 Cross-section of a film packet.

19. Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Essentials of Dental Radiography for Dental Assistants and Hygienists, Ninth Edition Evelyn M. Thomson Orlen N. Johnson Table 7-1 Kodak Film Packet Color Codes

20. Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Essentials of Dental Radiography for Dental Assistants and Hygienists, Ninth Edition Evelyn M. Thomson Orlen N. Johnson Figure 7-5 Intraoral film sizes.

21. Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Essentials of Dental Radiography for Dental Assistants and Hygienists, Ninth Edition Evelyn M. Thomson Orlen N. Johnson Figure 7-6 Bitewing radiograph.

22. Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Essentials of Dental Radiography for Dental Assistants and Hygienists, Ninth Edition Evelyn M. Thomson Orlen N. Johnson Figure 7-7 Periapical radiograph.

23. Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Essentials of Dental Radiography for Dental Assistants and Hygienists, Ninth Edition Evelyn M. Thomson Orlen N. Johnson Types of Dental X-ray Film Extraoral film –Packaging –Film size

24. Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Essentials of Dental Radiography for Dental Assistants and Hygienists, Ninth Edition Evelyn M. Thomson Orlen N. Johnson Figure 7-8 Extraoral film packages. 5 x 12-in. (13 x 30 cm), 6 x 12-in (15 x 30 cm) and 8 x 10 in. (20 x 26 cm) size extraoral film packages. (Used with permission of Eastman Kodak Company.)

25. Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Essentials of Dental Radiography for Dental Assistants and Hygienists, Ninth Edition Evelyn M. Thomson Orlen N. Johnson Types of Dental X-ray Film Duplicating film — exposed by the action of infrared and ultraviolet light rather than by x-rays. Only one side of the duplicating film is coated with emulsion. The emulsion side appears dull and lighter under safe light conditions in the darkroom where it is used. The nonemulsion side is shiny and appears darker under safe light conditions.

26. Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Essentials of Dental Radiography for Dental Assistants and Hygienists, Ninth Edition Evelyn M. Thomson Orlen N. Johnson Film Storage and Protection Radiograph film is extremely sensitive to: –Radiation –Light –Heat and humidity –Chemical fumes –Physical pressure

27. Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Essentials of Dental Radiography for Dental Assistants and Hygienists, Ninth Edition Evelyn M. Thomson Orlen N. Johnson Figure 7-9 Extraoral film packages. Film package showing expiration date.

28. Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Essentials of Dental Radiography for Dental Assistants and Hygienists, Ninth Edition Evelyn M. Thomson Orlen N. Johnson Review: Chapter Summary X-ray film serves as a radiographic image receptor. The film used in dental radiography is photographic film that has been especially adapted in size, emulsion, film speed, and packaging for dental uses.

29. Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Essentials of Dental Radiography for Dental Assistants and Hygienists, Ninth Edition Evelyn M. Thomson Orlen N. Johnson Review: Chapter Summary During radiation exposure, the x-rays strike and ionize some of the silver halide crystals, forming a latent image. The image does not become visible until the film is processed. Care must be exercised in storing and in handling the film before, during, and after exposure.

30. Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Essentials of Dental Radiography for Dental Assistants and Hygienists, Ninth Edition Evelyn M. Thomson Orlen N. Johnson Recall: Study Questions General Chapter Review

31. Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Essentials of Dental Radiography for Dental Assistants and Hygienists, Ninth Edition Evelyn M. Thomson Orlen N. Johnson Reflect: Case Study Use what you learned in this chapter about the sizes and types of projections to make a preliminary recommendation and/or to explain to the patient why the dentist has prescribed: (1) the type of projection; (2) the size of the film; and/or (3) the number of films to use for each of the following three cases.

32. Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Essentials of Dental Radiography for Dental Assistants and Hygienists, Ninth Edition Evelyn M. Thomson Orlen N. Johnson Reflect: Case Study 1.An adult patient with suspected carious lesions on the proximal surfaces of posterior teeth. Additionally, this patient is considered to have a periodontal condition for which he is under maintenance treatment. a.The recommended type of projection will most likely be: b.The size of the film(s) will most likely be: c.The number of films to be exposed will most likely be:

33. Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Essentials of Dental Radiography for Dental Assistants and Hygienists, Ninth Edition Evelyn M. Thomson Orlen N. Johnson Reflect: Case Study 2.An adult patient with a toothache in the area of the maxillary right molar. a.The recommended type of projection will most likely be: b.The size of film(s) will most likely be: c.The number of films to be exposed will most likely be:

34. Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Essentials of Dental Radiography for Dental Assistants and Hygienists, Ninth Edition Evelyn M. Thomson Orlen N. Johnson Reflect: Case Study 3.An 8-year-old patient who, while skateboarding, seems to have suffered a traumatic injury to the anterior teeth. a.The recommended type of projection will most likely be: b.The size of film(s) will most likely be: c.The number of films to be exposed will most likely be:

35. Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Essentials of Dental Radiography for Dental Assistants and Hygienists, Ninth Edition Evelyn M. Thomson Orlen N. Johnson Relate: Laboratory Application Proceed to Chapter 7, Laboratory Application, to complete this activity