1. Is Harvard’s MBA oath the right idea for ethical business? Dennis Earl (dearl@coastal.edu)dearl@coastal.edu Claudia McCollough (claudia@coastal.edu)claudia@coastal.edu

2. Questions and issues What is the oath? What’s the point? How many people are taking it? Is the oath the right idea to make business behave more ethically?  Criticisms and possible replies  Discussion

3. The oath (at www.mbaoath.org)www.mbaoath.org Preamble As a manager, my purpose is to serve the greater good by bringing people and resources together to create value that no single individual can build alone. Therefore I will seek a course that enhances the value my enterprise can create for society over the long term. I recognize my decisions can have far-reaching consequences that affect the well-being of individuals inside and outside my enterprise, today and in the future. As I reconcile the interests of different constituencies, I will face difficult choices.

4. The oath (at www.mbaoath.org)www.mbaoath.org 1.I will act with utmost integrity and pursue my work in an ethical manner. 2.I will safeguard the interests of my shareholders, co-workers, customers and the society in which we operate. 3.I will manage my enterprise in good faith, guarding against decisions and behavior that advance my own narrow ambitions but harm the enterprise and the societies it serves. 4.I will understand and uphold, both in letter and in spirit, the laws and contracts governing my own conduct and that of my enterprise. 5.I will take responsibility for my actions, and I will represent the performance and risks of my enterprise accurately and honestly. 6.I will develop both myself and other managers under my supervision so that the profession continues to grow and contribute to the well-being of society. 7.I will strive to create sustainable economic, social, and environmental prosperity worldwide. 8.I will be accountable to my peers and they will be accountable to me for living by this oath.

5. Is the oath morally defensible? In other words, is it right or wrong for businesspeople to take an oath like this? Worry #1: The oath is inconsistent with one of business’ basic legal obligations. Worry #2: There are better options for making business morally better.

6. Worry #1: The oath is inconsistent with one of business’ basic legal obligations. “[T]he oath's broad scope makes it almost impossible to fulfill. What business leader can serve the interests of shareholders, while at the same time "strive to create sustainable economic, social, and environmental prosperity worldwide"? It's easy to envision a situation [for example] in which shareholder interests and the environment would be at odds.” 1 1 Anne VanderMey, “Harvard’s MBA Oath Goes Viral,” BusinessWeek, June 11, 2009 (URL http://www.businessweek.com/bschools/content/jun2009/bs20090611_522427_page_2.htm)http://www.businessweek.com/bschools/content/jun2009/bs20090611_522427_page_2.htm

7. Worry #1: The oath is inconsistent with one of business’ basic legal obligations. That is, shareholder interests won’t always coincide with the interests of other stakeholder groups. Yet the oath entails putting those other interests ahead of shareholder interests (at least sometimes). But: Shareholder interests are legally primary: Respecting them is one of business’ basic legal obligations (as established by, e.g., Dodge vs. Ford (1919))

8. Worry #2: There are better options for making business morally better. How to make individual businesspeople more ethical? Mandatory business ethics courses “Business ethics across the curriculum” Oaths How to make businesses themselves more ethical? Apply the strategic stakeholder theory Preserve independent media Consumer activism Shareholder activism How to improve the “big picture” at the level of the whole economy? Improve the regulatory structure (with more or less(?) regulation) State ownership/control of what’s essential (?)