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CHAPTER 11 Vector-Valued Functions Slide 2 © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. 11.1VECTOR-VALUED FUNCTIONS 11.2THE CALCULUS OF VECTOR-VALUED FUNCTIONS 11.3MOTION IN SPACE 11.4CURVATURE 11.5TANGENT AND NORMAL VECTORS 11.6PARAMETRIC SURFACES
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11.4CURVATURE Unit Tangent Vector Slide 3 © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. For the smooth curve C traced out by the endpoint of the vector-valued function r(t), recall that for each t, v(t) = r'(t) can be thought of as both the velocity vector and a tangent vector, pointing in the direction of motion (i.e., the orientation of C). Notice that is also a tangent vector, but has length one. We call T(t) the unit tangent vector to the curve C. That is, for each t, T(t) is a tangent vector of length one pointing in the direction of the orientation of C.
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EXAMPLE 11.4CURVATURE 4.2Finding a Unit Tangent Vector Slide 4 © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Find the unit tangent vector to the curve determined by r(t) = t 2 + 1, t .
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EXAMPLE Solution 11.4CURVATURE 4.2Finding a Unit Tangent Vector Slide 5 © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
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11.4CURVATURE Curvature Slide 6 © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. The rate of change of the unit tangent vectors with respect to arc length along the curve suggests a measure of "sharpness" or curvature.
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DEFINITION 11.4CURVATURE 4.1 Slide 7 © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
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11.4CURVATURE Curvature – Alternative Form Slide 8 © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Observe that by the chain rule,
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11.4CURVATURE Curvature – Alternative Form Slide 9 © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
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EXAMPLE 11.4CURVATURE 4.3Finding the Curvature of a Straight Line Slide 10 © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Find the curvature of a straight line.
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EXAMPLE Solution 11.4CURVATURE 4.3Finding the Curvature of a Straight Line Slide 11 © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
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EXAMPLE 11.4CURVATURE 4.4Finding the Curvature of a Circle Slide 12 © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Find the curvature for a circle of radius a > 0.
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EXAMPLE Solution 11.4CURVATURE 4.4Finding the Curvature of a Circle Slide 13 © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
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THEOREM 11.4CURVATURE 4.1 Slide 14 © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. The curvature of the smooth curve traced out by the vector-valued function r(t) is given by
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EXAMPLE 11.4CURVATURE 4.5Finding the Curvature of a Helix Slide 15 © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Find the curvature of the helix traced out by r(t) = 2 sin t, 2 cos t, 4t .
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EXAMPLE Solution 11.4CURVATURE 4.5Finding the Curvature of a Helix Slide 16 © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
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EXAMPLE Solution 11.4CURVATURE 4.5Finding the Curvature of a Helix Slide 17 © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
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11.4CURVATURE Curvature of a Plane Curve Slide 18 © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Note that a plane curve is traced out by the vector-valued function r(t) = t, f (t), 0 , where the third component is 0.
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EXAMPLE 11.4CURVATURE 4.6Finding the Curvature of a Parabola Slide 19 © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Find the curvature of the parabola y = ax 2 + bx + c. Also, find the limiting value of the curvature as x → ∞.
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EXAMPLE Solution 11.4CURVATURE 4.6Finding the Curvature of a Parabola Slide 20 © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
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EXAMPLE Solution 11.4CURVATURE 4.6Finding the Curvature of a Parabola Slide 21 © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. In other words, as x → ∞, the parabola straightens out, which you’ve likely observed in the graphs of parabolas. It is a straightforward exercise to show that the maximum curvature occurs at the vertex of the parabola (x = −b/2a).
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