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Cervical Spine Arthur Jason De Luigi, DO
Program Director, Sports Medicine Fellowship Director, Sports Medicine Director, Interventional Pain MedStar National Rehabilitation Hospital MedStar Georgetown University Hospital Medical Director and Head Team Physician US Paralympic Alpine Ski Team
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Overview Cervical Anatomy Physical Examination Pathology Treatment
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Cervical Spine Anatomy
3-joint complex 50% Flex-Ext Atlanto-occipital 50% rotation C1-C2 Center of motion Flex C 5-6 Ext C 6-7 C2 and C7 most prominent spinous processes
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Anatomy Center of motion
Flex C 5-6 Ext C 6-7 Normal lordodic curve helps absorb energy of blows to head and neck Lordosis 30 deg forward flexion
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Cervical Nerves 8 cervical roots C1-C4 C5-T1 Sensory Brachial Plexus
Motor Branches
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Cervical and Thoracic Nerve ROots
Cervical Nerve Roots Exit above the vertebral body for which they are named Thoracic Nerve Roots Exit under the vertebral body and rib
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C-Spine Exam Overview Inspection Palpation Range of Motion Strength
Neurovascular testing Special tests
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Inspection Overall posture Position of comfort
ROM when walking, talking Deformity, ecchymosis, swelling (All marketed devices to improve posture)
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Palpation Spinous processes Paraspinal muscles Anterior & lateral neck
Bony TTP is a red-flag Paraspinal muscles Anterior & lateral neck Upper back & scapula Arms if symptoms there
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Range of Motion Forward Flexion 60 degrees Extension 70 degrees
Side bending 45 degrees* Rotation degrees* Note mild/moderate/severe restriction *compare to opposite side AROM important when you want to clear a C-spine on the field. Cervical Spine ROM measurements are notoriously inacurate. MILD MOD or SEVERe restriction based on gross motion is sufficient.
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Motor Exam C5-Deltoid C6- Wrist Extension C7-Wrist flexion
Blocker Beggar Kisser Grabber Spock Motor Exam C5-Deltoid Elbow Flexion C6- Wrist Extension C7-Wrist flexion Elbow Extension Finger Extension C8- Finger flexors T1-Hand intrinsics C5-Deltoid, biceps C6- Biceps, wrist ext C7-elbow ext, wrist flex, finger ext C8- finger flexors T1-hand intrinsics
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Exam- Sensory C5-anterior brachium C6- thumb C7- middle finger
Lateral arm C7- middle finger Posterior arm C8-ulnar side hand T1-inner brachium Axilla
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Deep Tendon Reflexes C5: Biceps C6: Brachioradialis C7: Triceps
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Post-Inf neck/shoulder C5 C4-5 Lat. neck and shoulder Ant. Arm C6 C5-6
Nerve Root Disc Level Pain/Sensory Loss Weak-ness DTR’s decr C1,2 O-C2 Occiput C3 C2-3 Post-Sup neck Ears and mastoid C4 C3-4 Post-Inf neck/shoulder C5 C4-5 Lat. neck and shoulder Ant. Arm Deltoid C6 C5-6 Post-Lat arm to Thumb, +/- index finger Biceps & Br-rad C7 C6-7 Post-Mid arm to mid fngr Triceps C8 C7-8 Post arm to ring/small fingr Grip T1 T1-2 Proximal inner arm/axilla Intrinsics
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Special Tests Spurling Test Lhermitte’s Sign Hoffman’s Sign
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Spurling Test Cervical etiology Head is extended and rotated
pinched nerve rt. Head is extended and rotated Slight axial load Practical Tip: Extend the pts head and then tell them to ”look in their back pocket.” If no symptoms then apply axial load.
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Spurling Test Also known as foraminal compression test
neck compression test quadrant test
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Spurling Test World War II Walter Reed General Hospital
Roy Greenwood Spurling Hospital's first Chief of Neurosurgery Organizer of neurosurgery for the entire Army First noted this finding in patients of ruptured cervical discs. Spurling and Scoville Demonstrated a positive test on 12 patients with presumed ruptured cervical discs confirmed surgically in 1943 and reported their findings in 1944 The original description of the test Head and neck will be tilted toward the painful side to reproduce the patient’s typical radicular symptoms Pressure will then be placed on the top of the head to further intensify the symptoms Whereas tilted the head away from the painful side will alleviate the symptoms
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Spurling Test Validity and Reliability
Shah and Rajshekhar in 2004 50 surgical patients with findings on MRI Sensitivity 92% Specificity 95% Positive predictive value 96.4% Negative predictive value 90.9% Concluding that the Spurling’s test is the gold standard for evaluating cervical radiculopathy
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Lhermitte’s Sign Also known as 1920 Previously described 1917 1918
Barber Shop Phenomenon 1920 Jean Jacque Lhermitte patients with spinal cord concussion and later in other neurologic diagnoses Previously described 1917 Marie and Chatelin Transient pins and needles sensations into the limbs on flexion of the neck 1918 Babinski and Dubois Electric discharges into the limbs with head flexion, sneezing, or coughing in a patient with Brown-Sequard syndrome
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Lhermitte’s sign Passive or Active Neck Flexion
Pain/Electric sensation shooting down back or into legs Myelopathy Multiple Sclerosis
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Lhermitte’s Sign Validity and Reliability Malanga Sandmark and Nissell
Review Insufficient evidence of the inter-rater reliability, sensitivity, and specificity Sandmark and Nissell Active flexion and extension test resembles the Lhermitte’s sign and was found to Specificity (90%) Sensitivity (27%) Negative predictive value of 75% Positive predictive value of 55%.
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Hoffman’s sign “Babinski of the Upper Extremity”
Test for UMN lesion Flick middle finger Watch for reflexive flexion/adduction of thumb
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Cervical Pathologies Cervical Strain/spasm Cervical Sprain
Cervical Instability Stingers Spondylosis Stenosis HNP Cervical Cord Neuropraxia Fractures/subluxation
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Cervical Strain & Spasm
Usually minor trauma (or none) “Slept Wrong” Overuse/Posture Sudden movement Minor muscle fiber tears, secondary spasm
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Myofascial Pain Travell & Simon “Trigger Points”
Discrete hyperirritable spots located within taut muscle band Often with chronic MSK disorder Hypersensitive area or firmer than normal tissue, usually quarter-size area Can result in decreased ROM in the affected muscles
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Trigger Points Treatments Spray and stretch Ultrasound Massage
Manipulation Trigger point injection Injection material 3cc lidocaine +/- Corticosteroid Dry needle (more post injection soreness) Disrupts the pain cycle Stops hyper-responsive signals
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Myofascial Pain Muscle Relaxants Cyclobenzaprine Tizanidine
Relieve skeletal muscle spasms and associated pain in acute musculoskeletal conditions. 2RCTs Both found no significant differences between the treatment groups. Another RCT evaluated the effect of cyclobenzaprine12 in patients with jaw paiin No evidence favoring cyclobenzaprine over clonazepam or placebo. Cochrane review nsufficient evidence to support its use due to a lack of high quality RCTs.9 Tizanidine Alpha2 adrenergic agonist Two prospective trials (not RCT) evaluated tizanidine for MPS14, 15. Manfredini et al., in 2004 78 patients with MPS, and noted only a slight improvement in pain. Malanga et al., in 2002 29 patients who were titrated on tizanidine for 3 weeks. Significant decrease in VAS, disability and sleep improvement were noted Two RCTs patients with acute low back pain showed a significant difference in pain reduction favoring tizanidine to placebo. Review article Insufficient literature to support the use of tizanidine
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Myofascial Pain Sedatives/Hypnotics Clonazepam Alprazolam and Diazepam
Benzodiazepinederivative with anticonvulsant, muscle relaxant, and anxiolytic properties. Two RCTs19, 20 evaluated the efficacy of clonazepam for MPS treatment Found it to be effective However, caution was advised due to side effects such as depression and liver function Review article Better than placebo for MPS pain relief. Analysis of the above literature Strongly supports the use of clonazepam, a traditional agent, in the treatment of MPS. Alprazolam and Diazepam Potent benzodiazepines. alprazolam or diazepam in combination with ibuprofen is better than placebo. RCT significant reduction of pain in both the diazepam and the diazepam with ibuprofen groups.
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Myofascial Pain Anti-Depressants Amitriptyline and Nortriptyline
TCA traditionally studied in the treatment of a wide variety of painful conditions including MPS Nortriptyline Second generation TCA with less incidence of side effects compared to amitriptyline. Two RCTs Bendsten and Jensen Significant reduction in pain and myofascial tenderness. Plesh et al Effective for myofascial pain
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Myofascial Pain Topical Agents Topical Lidocaine Patch
Case report in 2002 did not demonstrate significant evidence for pain reduction Open labeled non randomized trial Showed some relief of pain and improvement in quality of life in 27 patients RCT topical lidocaine patch demonstrated a significant reduction of pain episodes, intensity of pain at rest and with activity, improvement of mood and quality of life as compared to a placebo patch. Topical Methyl Salicylate and Menthol Patches Methyl Salicylate Rubefacient in deep heating liniments For myalgias and muscle spasms Menthol Organic compound with local anesthetic and counterirritant qualities weak kappa opioid receptor agonist. A single RCT demonstrated a significant global satisfaction and reduction of pain at rest and with movement compared to placebo Topical Diclofenac Patch and Solution single RCT significant difference in pain, range of motion and disability scores compared to placebo Lone RCT studying topical diclofenac solution no significant differences between the groups. Topical Thiocolchicoside Ointment Muscle relaxant with anti-inflammatory and analgesic effects Competitive GABA-A receptor antagonist and also inhibits glycine receptors Single blind, RCT Significant improvement in pain and range of motion in all treatment groups.
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Whiplash
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Cervical Sprain Usually higher-energy trauma (MVA)
Often d/t rapid or excessive ROM in one or more planes Ligamentous injury usually coupled with muscle strain/spasm Non-radicular neck/shoulder pain worsened by neck motion Careful exam to r/o nerve injury Consider X-rays to r/o fracture & instability
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Imaging No imaging required if patient meets all of the following…
No midline tenderness No focal neuro sx Normal LOC No drugs/meds No distracting injuries
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Cervical Spine Trauma Imaging
AP view Lateral view (must include entire C7) Odontoid view IF NORMAL, consider FLEX/EXT VIEWS
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Flexion & Extension Views
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Cervical Sprain w/ Instability
Can present subacutely Persistent pain after appropriate time to recover Flex/Ex view criteria: >3.5 mm AP displacement >11 deg angulation IMMOBILIZE & REFER ASAP
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Cervical Sprain w/o Instability
Treatment: Analgesics, +/- muscle relaxer +/- Hard/Soft collar Relative rest; encourage resumption of ADL soon Early referral to PT ROM emphasized (decrease risk disability) Modalities
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Strain/Spasm Treatment
NSAID/Tylenol Muscle relaxer? Trigger point injections? Soft collar (rarely) Relative rest & active stretching Usually improvement starts after 3-4 days If recurrent refer to PT
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Cervical Spondylosis Degeneration of discs and facets joints
Space narrowing Osteophytes Sclerosis
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Cervical spondylosis s/sx
Paramedian neck tenderness Reduced ROM GRADED Mild: HA’s, neck pain (limited to disc, facet jt) Moderate: radicular sxs (foramen) Severe: myelopathy (canal) gait, balance, bladder sx’s May predispose to spinal cord or nerve root injury depending on the amount of stenosis or degeneration
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Cervical Stenosis Narrowing of the AP diameter of the cervical canal
Developmental Acquired: secondary to degenerative dz, HNP, etc. MRI for diagnosis EMG can reveal nerve damage
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Tx of spondylosis/stenosis
Analgesics +/- muscle relaxer Soft collar prn Relative rest from offending activity Physical Therapy if persistent Cervical Epidural if refractory Surgical indications: Myelopathy Radicular sxs not responding to tx Get MRI, talk to surgeon
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Herniated Nucleus Pulposus (HNP)
Acute Radiculopathy Rupture of nucleus pulposus through tear in the annulus fibrosus Chronic Radiculopathy Gradual Onset d/t disc degeneration, thinning, bulge, and osteophytes
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HNP Neck pain with radiation into the shoulder/arm
Burning pain or weakness Sensory changes in a specific nerve root Motor if C5-T1 involvement Spurling’s maneuver reproduces symptoms Improved with distraction maneuvers No upper motor neuron deficits Neg Hoffman, Babinski No rigidity, gait dysfx, hyper-reflexia
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HNP Treatment Conservative therapy: 40-80% respond by 6-12wk
Rest, NSAID, ROM ex’s, neck collar, cervical pillow Consider oral steroids if severe radicular sx’s Physical therapy if poor response 1-2 wks Traction, TENS Consider referral for invasive tx if: Patient is ready Progressive neurological symptoms sxs persist despite tx MRI, EMG/NCV
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Epidural Steroid Injections
Epidural steroid injections (ESI) commonly used intervention to treat radicular pain In the cervical and thoracic spine, this pain is most commonly caused by herniated disc and/or foraminal stenosis Mechanism of pain generation: mechanical compression and chemical inflammation Corticosteroids thought to reduce chemical inflammation and pain
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Introduction - ESI 2 methods for delivering medication to the epidural space in the cervical and thoracic spine: Interlaminar epidural steroid injection (ILESI) Transforaminal epidural steroid injection (TFESI)
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Cervical TFESI – ISIS Guidelines
Pre-injection procedures IV access VS Monitoring: BP,HR,pulse-ox Patient Positioning: supine, oblique, lateral decubitus position Sterile Prep: antibacterial solution, sterile draping
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Cervical TFESI – ISIS Guidelines
Target Identification Oblique View Identify target foramen Rotate C-arm to open foramen Consider magnification
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Cervical TFESI – ISIS Guidelines
Within foramen: Posterior Wall Anterior surface of SAP
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Cervical TFESI – ISIS Guidelines
Puncture Point Skin directly over target Mark with sterile marker or small wheel of local anesthetic +/- Local anesthetic (shallow) Needle Insertion 25-guage needle (2.5 inch, SB) Needle tip should lie directly over anterior part of SAP, not foramen (or can be over posterior foramen if checking A/P early and often) Ideally, advance needle down the beam - “hubogram” Once SAP is reached, adjust needle to pass into foramen Subsequent insertion should not be more than a few mm in depth, and should never stray into anterior aspect of foramen
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Cervical TFESI – ISIS Guidelines
Needle Insertion – AP view: target is sagittal midline of articular pillar
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Cervical TFESI – ISIS Guidelines
Contrast injection: Under real-time fluoro, inject non-ionic contrast Contrast should disperse in intervertebral foramen, outlining spinal nerve and DRG
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Big Red and his little friends
SAP DRG
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Epidural Veins DISC SPACE DRG SAP cord
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What to watch out for DRG/Spinal Nerve Vascular flow:
Arterial Vertebral artery – rapid upward flow Radicular artery – narrow vessel with transverse flow medially toward cord ISIS recommends procedure aborted in this case Venous (radicular and epidural veins): slow clearance of contrast – can reposition needle Subarachnoid flow Rapid dilution of contrast Can be from medial position, or lateral dilatation of dural root sleeve in foramen Procedure should be aborted
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Use Digital Subtraction Angiography in Cervical and Thoracic Spine
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Digital Subtraction Angiography – Same patient
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Cervical TFESI – ISIS Guidelines
Medication Injection: once injection of contrast has identified acceptable needle position in 2 views, therapeutic solutions can be delivered Corticosteroid: Dexamethasone (7.5-15mg) Betamethasone (3mg – 12mg) Short-acting local anesthetic 1% Lidocaine ( ml) 0.5% Lidocaine ( ml) Normal Saline
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Cervical Interlaminar ESI (ILESI)
Cervical epidural space much more narrow (1.5-2mm at C7 to less than 1mm at higher levels) compared to lumbar spine If less than 1 mm on MRI, avoid interlaminar Interlaminar approach: usually 2 cc celestone/dexamethasone, 2-3 cc of 1-1.5% lidocaine and 0-2 cc of saline for 4-7 cc total; usually at C6-7-T1
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C5-6
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C7-T1
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Cervical ILESI Position patient prone with pillow under chest
Sterile prep with betadine and drape Identify target interlaminar space (C6-7,7-1)
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Cervical ILESI Target: superior border of inferior lamina at midline
Mark and anesthetize (1% lidocaine) 18- or 20- gauge Touhy needle advanced using: Frequent lateral imaging Loss of resistance technique with normal saline
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Cervical ILESI Once epidural space entered (based on LOR), inject non-ionic contrast (1cc) under live fluoro. Should see even spread of contrast, and lateral imaging should show posterior flow. If no vascular flow, no subarachnoid flow…inject medication (1-2 cc celestone / dexamethasone, 2-3 cc of 1-1.5% lidocaine and 0-2 cc of saline for a total of 4-7cc)
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Cervical ESI - Complications
Botwin 5/2003: 157 patients receiving a total of 345 cervical ILESI for cervical radicular pain caused by cervical spondylosis or HNP All complications: 16.8%. All resolved without morbidity, and no patient required hospitalization: Transient increased neck pain (6.7%), transient headaches (4.6%), insomnia the night of injection (1.7%), Vasovagal reaction (1.7%), facial flushing (1.5%), Transient Fever 1(0.3%), Dural puncture: 1 (0.3%) Ma 8/2005: 844 patients, 1036 Extraforaminal Nerve Root Blocks (TFESI): All complications: 1.66%. No death, paralysis, stroke, vertebral artery injury or infection recorded: Transient neuro deficit (pain or weakness): 6 pts, HA/Dizziness: 5 patients, Hypersensitivity rxn: 1 pt, Vasovagal rxn: 1 pt, Transient global amnesia, dizziness, nausea:1 pt (admitted to hospital overnight, neuro w/u negative, resolution of dizziness by 2 weeks), Injection at incorrect level: 2 pts, Inadvertent facet injection: 1 pt Case reports – cervical TFESI (Scanlon 2007): death, vertebrobasilar infarcts/TIA/RIND, cervical spinal cord infarcts, combined brain and SCI infarcts, high spinal anesthesia, Seizures, severe HA, brainstem edema with herniation, cortical blindness from air embolus, cervical epidural hematoma, paraspinal hematoma Mechanism unclear, but thought to be related to particulate steroid causing vascular embolism – SCI, stroke, death Safety measures: Small/no particulate steroid (dexamethasone) and DSA
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Cervical ESI - Evidence
Transforaminal ESI: No RCT’s, just descriptive studies, generally with positive short-term (<6 weeks) and long-term (>6 weeks) results for radiculopathy. Limited evidence for axial neck pain. Morvan 1988: 51 pts with radicular pain - 14% obtained complete and long lasting relief, 86% derived incomplete relief, transitory relief, or no relief Bush 1996: 68 pts with radicular pain- Transforaminal +/- Interlaminar – 76% complete relief of arm pain (7 mos) Slipman 2000: 20 pts with radicular pain – 60% success (pain reduction, return to FT work, decreased meds, patient satisfaction) at avg. 22 mos f/u Vallee 2001: 32 pts with radicular pain - at 6 mos – 53% of patients had >75% pain relief Cyteval 2004: CT guided TFESI – 30 pts with radicular pain – good pain relief in 60% of patients at 2 wks and 6 mos Kolstad 2005: 21 surgical candidates (discectomy): significant decrease in radicular pain at 6 wks and 4 mos, 5 patients avoided surgery Lin 2006: 70 surgical candidates (HNP): 63% had significant relief of symptoms and decided against surgery
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Cervical ESI - Evidence
Interlaminar ESI 2 RCT for radiculopathy Castagnera 1994: Group 1 (14 pts: LA + Steroid) vs.. Group 2 (10 pts: LA + Steroid + Morphine) – no diff between groups, but good overall pain relief (>50mm decrease on VAS): Initial: 96% 1 Month: 75% 3, 6 and 12 mos: 79% Stav 1993: Group 1 (25 pts: ESI) vs. Group 2 ( 17 pts: intramuscular LA + steroid). Significant outcomes (good-very good pain reduction, return to FT work, decreased meds, change in ROM) 1 week: 76% group 1, 36% group 2 1 year: 68% group 1, 12% group 2 Axial neck pain: limited evidence
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Patient Selection for Cervical ESI
Indications: Cervical radicular pain +/- radiculopathy Hx, PE and imaging c/w nerve root impingment/irritation Failed conservative treatment (PT, meds, activity modification) >6weeks Contraindications (ABCDEFGHIJK) Absolute: Relative: Coagulopathy (Bleeding) -Allergy Local Infection (Fever) -Hx steroid psychosis (Krazy) Spinal Malignancy (CA) -CHF (decreased EF) Uncontrolled DM -Pregnancy (Gravid) Pt. unable to lie still Systemic infection (Fever) (“Jimmy legs”) -Heart/Respiratory issues -Immunosupression
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Stingers (Burners) Transient UE neuropraxia of root or brachial plexus
Tractionplexus Compressionroot Burning in arm Weakness in C5 and C6 distribution Deltoid, biceps, RC, wrist extensors, pronator teres +/- Positive Spurling’s
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Stingers Treatment May Return to Play when: Protection Rest until
asymptomatic May Return to Play when: Full cervical ROM w/o pain Normal sensory, motor exam Negative Spurling
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Cervical Cord Neurapraxia
Sxs or neuro findings in ≥2 limbs Axial load with hyperextension or flexion Cervical cord “pinch” Sx last 10 min-48 hrs Burning Hands Syndrome Transient Quadraparesis
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C-spine Injury On-Field Management
Assess LOC and simple neuro exam by question without moving athlete Stabilize C-spine and log-roll if necessary to move athlete to back “Leave helmet on” Helmet & shoulder pads Manage airway by removing face mask
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Immediate Transport for…
Unconscious athlete Neuro symptoms in ≥2 limbs Spinous process tenderness with concerning MOI Any distracting injuries
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References Abdi S, et al. Epidural Steroids in the Management of Chronic Spinal Pain: A systematic review. Pain Physician 2007; 10: International Spine Intervention Society: Practice Guidelines – Spinal Diagnostic and Treatment Procedures ISIS Manchikanti, et al. Evidence-Based Practice Guidelines for Interventional Techniques in the Management fo Chronic Spinal Pain. Pain Physician 2003;6:3-81 Rathmal JP, et al. Cervical Transforaminal Injections of Steroids. Anesthesiology 2004; 100: Fenton, DS and Czervionke LF: Image-Guided Spine Intervention. Saunders 2003 Botwin KP, et al. Adverse Effects of Fluoroscopically Guided Interlaminar Thoracic Epidural Steroid Injections. AJPMR 1/06
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