1. Lumbar Puncture: Indications and Procedure

2. FERNE Brain Illness and Injury Course

3.                                                                                                                        
                                                   
                   
4th Mediterranean Emergency Medicine Congress Sorrento, Italy September 17, 2007

4. Heather M. Prendergast, MD, MPH, FACEP Associate Professor Department of Emergency Medicine University of Illinois College of Medicine Chicago, IL 54 1 54

5. Disclosures
None

6. Session Objectives Present a relevant patient case
Discuss the indications and contraindications for lumbar puncture (LP)
Review the procedure of LP
Present techniques to minimize post LP headache
State the indications for opening pressure determination and interpretation of measurements

7. A Clinical Case

8. ED Presentation 77 yo previously healthy female
3 day history of confusion, and lethargy
Glasgow Coma Scale 13 (E4,V4,M5)
Key Aspects of Physical Exam:
Unable to cooperate with full physical examination, +neck stiffness upon neck flexion 54 3 54

9. ED Course Basic Labs CBC, Electrolytes normal Urinalysis: normal
Chest radiograph: normal 54 3 54

10. Why Consider This Case?
Utility of lumbar puncture in the afebrile vs. febrile elderly patient with altered mental status: a pilot study
Kaushal Shah MD  ,   , Kathleen Richard† and Jonathan A. Edlow MD‡ †Dartmouth Medical School, Hanover, New Hampshire ‡Department of Emergency Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts  Department of Emergency Medicine, St. Luke’s-Roosevelt Hospital, New York, New York .

11. Lumbar Puncture
Diagnostic Test for infectious and noninfectious neurologic conditions
Rarely diagnostic as a single agent
Combine with history, physical and selected lab tests 54 3 54

12. Indications for Lumbar Puncture
Diagnosis of central nervous system (CNS) infection
Diagnosis of subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH)
Evaluation and diagnosis of demylinating or inflammatory CNS processes
Infusion of anesthetic, chemotherapy, or contrast agents into the spinal canal
Treatment of idiopathic intracranial hypertension
15% Of seizures result in injury or death
Head contusions and lacerations common
Mortality rates
1.2% of all seizures
3 to 26% in SE
Mortality rate 10 times higher in adults (vs children)
SE mortality highest with hypoxic or ischemic insult
DeLorenzo et al. Neurology 1996;46:1029; J Clin Neurophysiol 1995;12:316;
Epilepsia 1992;33(Suppl 4):S15. Hauser. Neurology 1990;40(Suppl 2):9. Kirby and
Sadler. Epilepsia 1995;36:25. Terrence et al. Ann Neurol 1981;9:458.

13. Indications for pre-LP head CT scan
focal exam/cranial nerve abnormalities, hx cancer, seizure, immuncompromised, altered mental status, papilledema

14. Indications for pre-LP head CT scan
focal exam/cranial nerve abnormalities, hx cancer, seizure, immuncompromised, altered mental status, papilledema

15. IDSA Algorithm

16. Contraindications Skin infection near site of LP
Suspicion of intracranial pressure due to cerebral mass
Uncorrected coagulopathy
Acute spinal cord trauma

17. Technique
Lateral Recumbent position
Sitting upright

18. Procedure Determine correct level of entry
Highest points of the iliac crests should be identified and palpated
Direct line joining the crests identifies L4
Spinous processes L3, L4, and L5 can be directly palpated
Goal: Subarachnoid space at L3/4 or L4/5

19. Positioning: Key to Success
Fetal position with neck, back, and limbs held in flexion
Lower lumbar spine flexed with back perfectly perpendicular to edge of bed
Hips and legs should be parallel to each other and perpendicular to table

20. Positioning
CORRECT
INCORRECT

21. Skin Preparation Overlying skin cleaned with povidone-iodine
Sterile drape placed with an opening over the LS

22. Spinal Needle Insertion
Local anesthesia infiltrated
20 or 22 gauge spinal needle with stylet
Advance spinal needle slowly, angling slightly toward the head
Flat surface of bevel of needle positioned to face patient’s flanks
15% Of seizures result in injury or death
Head contusions and lacerations common
Mortality rates
1.2% of all seizures
3 to 26% in SE
Mortality rate 10 times higher in adults (vs children)
SE mortality highest with hypoxic or ischemic insult
DeLorenzo et al. Neurology 1996;46:1029; J Clin Neurophysiol 1995;12:316;
Epilepsia 1992;33(Suppl 4):S15. Hauser. Neurology 1990;40(Suppl 2):9. Kirby and
Sadler. Epilepsia 1995;36:25. Terrence et al. Ann Neurol 1981;9:458.

23. Post-LP Headache
Etiology: Prolonged leakage of cerebrospinal fluid due to delayed closure of dural defect
Low CSF pressure
Incidence 1-70%
Contributing factors
Diameter of needle, shape of needle, diagnostic vs. spinal anesthesia

24. Minimizing Post-LP Headache
Techniques:
Needle choice
Standard Quincke vs. Atraumatic
Number of attempts
Reinsertion of Stylet
Bed Rest after Procedure

26. Post LP Headache Quincke: “Atraumatic”
Reduction in post LP headache as great as 50%
“Atraumatic”
Post LP headache rates of 2-6%

28. Reinsertion of Stylet 600 patients Post lumbar puncture syndrome
49/300 (16 %) no reinsertion
15/300 ( 5%) reinsertion

30. Measuring Opening Pressure
Once CSF appears attach manometer through stopcock
Note the height of the fluid column
Have patient straighten legs to avoid falsely elevated pressure
15% Of seizures result in injury or death
Head contusions and lacerations common
Mortality rates
1.2% of all seizures
3 to 26% in SE
Mortality rate 10 times higher in adults (vs children)
SE mortality highest with hypoxic or ischemic insult
DeLorenzo et al. Neurology 1996;46:1029; J Clin Neurophysiol 1995;12:316;
Epilepsia 1992;33(Suppl 4):S15. Hauser. Neurology 1990;40(Suppl 2):9. Kirby and
Sadler. Epilepsia 1995;36:25. Terrence et al. Ann Neurol 1981;9:458.

31. Understanding Opening Pressures
Normal: mm H2O (obese patients up to 250mm H20
Elevated: Suggest increased intracranial pressures (>250 mm H20)
Mass lesion (neoplasm, hemorrhage, infection)
Overproduction of CSF
Defective Outflow Mechanics
15% Of seizures result in injury or death
Head contusions and lacerations common
Mortality rates
1.2% of all seizures
3 to 26% in SE
Mortality rate 10 times higher in adults (vs children)
SE mortality highest with hypoxic or ischemic insult
DeLorenzo et al. Neurology 1996;46:1029; J Clin Neurophysiol 1995;12:316;
Epilepsia 1992;33(Suppl 4):S15. Hauser. Neurology 1990;40(Suppl 2):9. Kirby and
Sadler. Epilepsia 1995;36:25. Terrence et al. Ann Neurol 1981;9:458.

32. Case Resolution Fever, confusion, and Neck stiffness
Head CT indicated PRIOR to LP
Unable to complete full neurological exam
Altered mental status
Inability to confirm absence of focal neurological deficit

33. Conclusions
ED seizure patient Rx needs to address both the immediate seizure and the long-term epilepsy management
In general, ED seizure patient Rx focuses on parenteral AED use
Oral Rx, 2nd generation AEDs useful
Must understand principles that govern ED AED use and priorities of those that provide long-term epilepsy Rx

34. Recommendations
Be able to identify the seizure type and optimal patient therapies based on etiology, demographics, and risk/benefit
Establish seizure and SE protocol
Understand fully the optimal use of parenteral and 2nd generation AEDs
Stop the acute seizure & prevent SE
Wisely prescribe so that follow-up epilepsy management can be optimized

35. Lumbar Puncture: Indications & Interpretation
Lumbar Puncture: Indications, Interpretations of results

36. FERNE Brain Illness and Injury Course

37.                                                                                                                        
                                                   
                   
4th Mediterranean Emergency Medicine Congress Sorrento, Italy September 17, 2007

38. Heather M. Prendergast, MD, MPH, FACEP Associate Professor Department of Emergency Medicine University of Illinois College of Medicine Chicago, IL 54 1 54

39. Disclosures
None

40. Session Objectives Present a relevant patient case
Discuss the indications and contraindications for lumbar puncture (LP)
Differentiating between traumatic tap and a subarachnoid hemorrhage
Review typical LP results for infectious processes
There are 3 Primary objectives for this session. In order to facilitate this discussion, we will start out with a relevant patient case. We will discuss the indications and contraindications for lumbar puncture. Who needs a head ct prior to the lumbar puncture and what objective criteria we can use to make that determination. We talk about differentiating a traumatic tap from a subarachnoid hemorrhage. And finally review normal csf composition of and what changes are typically seen with various infectious processes

41. A Clinical Case
An actual clinical case

42. ED Presentation 77 yo previously healthy female
3 day history of fever, confusion, and lethargy
Glasgow Coma Scale 13 (E4,V4,M5)
Key Aspects of Physical Exam:
Unable to cooperate with full neurological examination, +neck stiffness upon neck flexion
We have a 77 yo previously healthy female, brought to the ED with a 3 day history of confusion, and lethargy. We learn that she has had fevers at home Upon arrival to the ED, she has a glasgow coma scale of 13 (eye opening4, verbal 4, and 5 motor).Key findings on her physical exam: noted to have neck stifness upon flexion of neck. Of note, due to her mental status , she is unable to cooperate with a full neurological exam
Included in your differential in a patient with fever, mental status changes is meningitis 54 3 54

43. Indications for Lumbar Puncture
Diagnosis of central nervous system (CNS) infection
Diagnosis of subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH)
Evaluation and diagnosis of demylinating or inflammatory CNS processes
Infusion of anesthetic, chemotherapy, or contrast agents into the spinal canal
Treatment of idiopathic intracranial hypertension
What are the indications for lumber puncture? At the top of list is diagnosis of cns infection. LP is essential or extremely useful in the diagnosis of bacterial, fungal, mycobacterial, and viral CNS infection and represents the most common use of lp particular to diagnose or exclude meningitis in patients presenting with some combination of fever, altered mental status, headache, and or meningeal signs
Another indication is subarachnoid hemorrhage in a patient with a negative ct scan. If positive it has greater diagnostic sensitivity than a CT scan of the head without contrast, especially if the SAH has occurred more than 3-4 days prior to presentation. Patients with aneurysmal leaks (ie sentinel hemorrhages may present days after headache onset increasing the likelihood of a false-negative head ct scan
LP can also be useful in diagnosis demylinating conditions such as MS,vasculitis, and guillian barre etc)

44. Indications for pre-LP head CT scan
focal exam/cranial nerve abnormalities, hx cancer, seizure, immuncompromised, altered mental status, papilledema
Who requires a head ct before LP Infectious Diseases Society of America (IDSA) guidelines for the management of bacterial meningitis, recommends a CT scan before LP only in patients with suspected bacterail meningitis who have one or more of the following risk factors for a mass lesion. Includes Immunocompromsed state (HIV infection, immunosuppressive therapy, post transplant); Hx of CNS disease (mass lesion, stroke, or focal infection), New onset seizure (within 1 week of presenttaion), papilledema, abnormal level of consciousness, focal neurologic deficit

45. Contraindications Skin infection near site of LP
Suspicion of increased intracranial pressure due to cerebral mass
Uncorrected coagulopathy
Acute spinal cord trauma
What patients should a LP be avoided? Those with obvious skin infection near the site of LP . Suspicion of increased intracranial pressure due to cerebral mass because of concerns of cerebral herniation which is the most serious complication. A example of the magnitude of the risk is a report of 129 patients with increaed intracranial pressures 12% had a unfavorable outcome. Another series with 55 patients with SAH (13%) experienced neurologic deterioration during or soon after an LP. What clinical features identify patients at greatest risk for this complication.? 73% had focal findings on neurologic examination (dysphagia,hemiparesis, cranial nerve palsies), 30% had documented papilledema prior to LP, 30% had evidence of increased intracranial pressure on plain skull films (erosion of the posterior clinoid processes). Uncorrected coagulopathy is a contraindication, increasing the risk of epidural hemorrhage. In 1 study post LP complications look at 166 patients receiving anticoagulation compared with 171 patients not receiving anticoagulation and found a trend toward increased risk of paraparesis in the anticoagulated patients (RR 11) In all the patients experiencing paraparesis , anticoagulation had been started within an hour of the procedure. Final contraindication is acute spinal cord trauma.

46. Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF)
CSF secretion and reabsorption balanced when CSF pressure < 150mm H20
SO we have done our LP, so know we need to interpret the results. In the interest of time we wont spend a lot of time on the background of csf, other than stress one improtant point about csf. The csf secretion and reabsorption remains a balanced system as long as the csf pressure remains less than 150 mm H20. Becomes important when you have elevated opening pressures and aids in determing the source 54 3 54

47. Opening Pressure Normal: 60-200 mm H2O (obese patients up to 250mm H20
Elevated: Suggest increased intracranial pressures (>250 mm H20)
Mass lesion (neoplasm, hemorrhage, infection)
Overproduction of CSF
Defective Outflow Mechanics
Normal opening pressures range from mm h20 . In obese patients the opening pressures can be a high as 250 mmh20 and not be consider abnormal. The ranges vary by textbook or source, however majority of sources consider opening pressures of 250 mm H20 or more abnormal. Remember our balanced system between secretion and reabsorption . Elevated opening pressures suggest increased intracranial pressures. Reasons included mass lesion neoplasm, hemoorhage, or infection. All which can alter the balance between CSF secretion and reabsoprtion resulting in intracranial hypertension

48. CSF Composition Color Clear and colorless Turbid 200 WBCs or 400 RBCs
Grossly Bloody
6000 RBCs
Normal CSF is clear and colorless. Both infectious and noninfectious can alter the appearance of the csf. As few as 200 wbcs or 400 rbcs will cause csf to appear turbid. CSF will appear grossly bloody if > 6000 rbc are present

49. CSF Composition Cells Acellular ( up to 5 WBCs and 5 RBCs)
More than 3 polymorphonuclear leuckocytes (PMNs) abnormal
The CSF is normally acellular, although up to 5 wbcs and 5 rbcs are considered normal in adults when the csf is sampled by LP. Newborns in contrast may have up to 20 wbcs in the csf. More than 3 polymorphonuclear leuckocytes (PMNs) abnormal in adults and despite a higher total wbc count in newborns, the PMNs remain low.

50. CSF Pleocytosis CSF pleocytosis
10 white blood cells/µL, corrected for CSF red blood cells using a ratio of 1 WBC per 500 RBCs
An elevated CSF wbc concentration does not diagnose an infection since increases in the CSF wbc can occur in a variety of both infectious and noninfectious inflammatory states. CSF pleocytosis is defined as a 10 white blood cells/micro liter corrected for csf rbcs using a ratio of 1 wbc per 500 rbcs

51. Clinical Prediction Rule for Identifying Children With Cerebrospinal Fluid Pleocytosis at Very Low Risk of Bacterial Meningitis
In jan of this year, jama published the results of a multicenter study develoing and validations a clinical prediction rule, the Bacterial Meningitis Score, that classifies patients at very low risk of bacterial meningitis based upon the absence of certain criteria
JAMA. 2007;297:52-60.

52. CSF Pleocytosis & Bacterial Meningitis Score
Criteria:
positive CSF Gram stain
CSF absolute neutrophil count (ANC) cells/µL
CSF protein 80 mg/dL
peripheral blood ANC>10,000/µL
history of seizure before or at presentation
The criteria is as follows : positive CSF Gram stain, CSF absolute neutrophil count (ANC) of at least 1000 cells/µL, CSF protein of at least 80 mg/dL, peripheral blood ANC of at least 10 000 cells/µL, and a history of seizure before or at the time of presentation.

53. Patient Flow Diagram, Including the Classification Performance of the Bacterial Meningitis Score
This patient flow diagram highlights the classification performance of the
Bacterial Meningitis Score. I call your attention to the lower corner of the
Screen. Patients with none of the 5 criteria were classifed as very low risk
with 1712/1714 having aspectic menigitis
Nigrovic, L. E. et al. JAMA 2007;297:52-60.
Copyright restrictions may apply.

54. Traumatic Tap Accidental trauma to a capillary or venule
Increases both RBCs and WBCs in CSF
If peripheral WBC normal subtract 1 WBC for every 500 RBC
What about the traumatic tap? Traumatic taps commonly occurs when the needle has advanced slightly too far and transfixed the internal vertebral plexus (the more densely packed area of the vasculature. As a result the is an increase in both the rbcs and wbcs in the csf. If the peripheral wbc count is not abnormally high or low, a good rule of thumb is to subtract one wbc for every 500 if a traumatic tap is suspected in order to better evaluate the significance of the observed wbc concentration in the csf

55. Xanthochromia Rapid lysis of RBC in the CSF
Results of breakdown of hemoglobin
Begins to appear 2-4 hours after RBCs enter subarachnoid space
Persists for 2-4 weeks
Perhaps the most reliable test to differenitate a traumatic tap from a subarachoind hemorrhage is the presence of xanthochromia. After blood has been in the CSF for at least 2 hours, the red cells begin to lyse in large quantites and the oxyhemoglobin and bilirubin cause the yellow orange discoloration of the csf. Xanthochromia peaks at 24 hours after blood enters the csf and persists for 2-4 weeks.Ideally xanthochromia is diagnosed by lab analysis. Because the traumatic tap is acute, there should be no xanthochromia. Presence of xanthochromia suggests there has been pervious csf bleeding

56. Calculating Predicted CSF WBC count
Predicted CSF WBC count/microL =
CSF RBC count X (peripheral blood WBC count ÷ peripheral RBC count)
A more accurate method is to calculate the predicted csf wbc count using this formula. Divide the peripheral wbc count by the peripheral rbc count and mulitple that number by the CSF RBC count. And this gives you the predicted CSF wbc count

57. Validation of Prediction Calculation in Adults
720 patients
CSF WBC count >10X predicted value
Positive Predictive Value 48% for Bacterial Meningitis
CSF WBC count < 10X predicted value
Negative Predictive Value 99% for meningitis
Why is the important to do? It has been validated in both adults and children. In adults, a study of 720 patients a csf wbc count > 10x predicted value had a positive predictive value of 48% for bacterial meningitis. Whereas a csf wbc count , <10x predicted value had a negative predicted value 99% for meningitis

58. Validation of Prediction Calculation in Children
CSF WBC count >10X predicted value
28/30 children (93%) bacterial meningitis
57 children
CSF WBC count < 10X predicted
100% for predicting the absence of meningitis
In children prediction calculation did very well A csf wbc count > 10x predicted value 93% bacterial meningitis. CSF wbc count < 10x predicted negative predictive value of 100%

59. CSF Composition Protein Largely excluded from CSF by blood-CSF barrier
Normal range (adults) mg/dL
False elevation
Diabetes, Presence of RBCS
True elevation
Infectious and Noninfectious Conditions
Persist for months in Meningitis
The two major tests performed on CSF are protein determination of protein and glucose concentrations. Proteins are largely excluded from CSF by blood-csf barrier Normal range mg/dL. The csf protein concentration may be mildly elevated in patients with diabetes mellitus, and falsely elevated in presence of rbcs from subarachnoid hemorrhage or traumatic lp. The presence of csf bleeding results in approx 1 mg of protein/dL per 1000 RBCs/microL.
Elevations in the CSF protein concentration can occur in bth infectious and noninfectious conditions. CsF protein elevation may persist for weeks or months following recoveing from meningitis little use in assessing response to therapy

60. CSF Composition Glucose CSF-to-serum glucose ratio
Normal 0.6
Low CSF glucose concentrations
Bacterial meningitis
Mycobacterial and Fungal CNS infections
M. pneumoniae and Noninfectious processes
Less than 18 mg/dL strongly predictive of bacterial meningitis
The normal CSF-to serum glucose ratio is approximately 0.6 in normal individuals. The CSF glucose concentration may be altered in a variety of pathologic conditions. Abnormally low csf glucose concentrations can occur in bacterial meningitis and mycobacterial and fungal cns infections
CSF glucose concentrations tends to normalize more rapidly than do the csf cell count and protein concentrations.
CSF glucose concentrations less than 18 mg/dL are strongly predictive meningitis

61. CSF Composition Glucose CSF-to-serum glucose ratio
Limited utility in Neonates, and severe hyperglycemia
Normal CSF glucose concentrations
Viral CNS infections
Exceptions:
mumps, enteroviruses,lymphocytic choriomeningitis(LCM), herpes simplex
The csf to serum glucose ratio is of limited utility in neonates and in patients with severe hyperglycemia..
The csf glucoe concentrations is normal in most viral cns infections There have been some reported exceptions in meningoencephalitis secondary to mumps, enterovirsus, lymphocytis choriomeningitis, and herpes simplex

62. CSF Composition Lactate Elevated in bacterial meningitis
One study higher sensitivity and specificity than blood glucose ratio
Lactate levels are used in some centers and has been observed to rise in experimental and clinical cases of bacterial meningitis. In 1 study in neurosurgical procedures, lactate levels had a higher sensitivity and specificty than determinations of the ratio of csf to blood glucose

63. CSF in CNS Infection Bacterial Meningitis
CSF WBC > 1000/microL ( with PMNs )
CSF Protein >250 mg/dL
CSF Glucose < 45 mg/dL (2.5 mmol/L)
CSF-blood glucose ratio < 0.4 (LR 18)
CSF Lactate >31.53 mg/dL(3.5 mmol/L)
What is a typical csf results for bacterial meningitis. You would expect an elevated wbc count with a predominance with neutrophils. Protein elevated, Glucose less than 45, A csf blood glucose of 0.4 or less (LR of 18) And csf lactate greater than 31.

64. CSF in CNS Infection Viral Meningitis
CSF WBC < 250 /µL (lymphocytes)
CSF Protein <150 mg/dL
CSF Glucose more than 50% of serum concentration
In viral menigitis, you would typically see a relatively small increase in wbc (when compared to a wbc count seen in bacterial meningitis), predominance of lymphocytes. I should mention that in the early stages of mengitis due to entroviruses PMNs predominate in the csf , with the shift to lymphocytic predominance occurs within 12 to 24 hours. This is why it is important to correlate csf cell count with clincial findings. Protein less than 150 and csf glucose is more than 50% of serum concentration

65. Summary of Typical CSF Findings
Normal
Bacterial
Viral TB
Cells
0-5
>1000
<1000
25-500
Polymorphs
Predominate
Early
+/- increased
Lymphocytes 5
Late
Increased
Glucose
60-80
Decreased
CSF plasma:
Glucose ratio
66%
<40%
< 30%
Protein
5-40
+/- Increased
Culture
Negative
Positive
+TB
This slide summarizes the typical csf findings in a side by side comparsion. regards to cells, glucose, protein, and culture.

66. Case Resolution CT scan: No mass lesion CSF Results
WBC 5000 /μL
RBC 5 /microL
CSF blood glucose ratio 0.2
Gram stain: gram positive rods
Quickly, back to our patient. She met criteria for a head ct prior to LP because of her alterd mental status and the inability to perform a neurological exam to excluse any focal neruological deficit. Her LP showed 5000 wbc, RBCS 5, and a csf blood glucose ratio 0.2. Gram stain gram positive rods . Bacterial mengitis due to listeria

67. Conclusions
Primary indications for LP is to assess for meningitis or subarachnoid hemorrhage
Elevated opening pressures indicate increase intracranial pressures
Xanthochromia is always pathological
CSF is normally acellular
CSF Pleocytosis does not diagnosis infection
In conclusion, the primary indications for LP in our settings is to assess for meningitis or subarachnoid hemorrhage. When a lp is performed in the lateral decuibtus position, an opening pressure can be measured. Pressures above 250 mm H20 are abnormal and suggest increased intracranial pressures. When differentiated a traumatic tap from a subarachnoid hemmorhage, look for xanthochromia which if present is always pathological. CSf is normally aceelular; howver, csf pleocytosis does not diagnosis infection

68. Recommendations Calculate CSF-blood glucose ratio.
0.4 or less (LR 18) bacterial meningitis
Determine the predicted CSF WBC count
Negative Predictive Value 99% for bacterial meningitis
Utilize the Bacterial Meningitis score in cases of CSF Pleocytosis
When evaluating the csf, calcuate the csf blood glucose ratio . If it is less than 0.4 stronly predictive of bacterial menigitis. Determine the predicted csf wbc count a negative predictive valuse 99% for bacterial meningitis Utilize the bacterial mengitis score in cses of csf pleocytosis.

69. Questions? www.FERNE.org hprender@uic.edu 312 413 1214
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