1. Fluid Dynamics to Create High Performance Steam & Gas Turbines
P M V Subbarao
Professor
Mechanical Engineering Department
Realization of Thermodynamic Understanding ……

2. Advanced 700 8C Pulverised Coal-fired Power Plant Project

3. Some Facts about Advanced Steam Turbines

4. Increased Magnitudes of Forces

5. The First Proposal on Infrastructure for Realization of Newton's’ Laws
Stator
Rotor

6. Axial Turbine Stator Exit/Rotor Inlet Velocity Triangle
Va1
Va1
Vw1
Vr1 a1 a1
Vw1 b1
Vf1
Vf1
Va0
Vf0

7. U
Vr1
Va1
Inlet Velocity Triangle
Va1
Vr1 U
Exit Velocity Triangle U
Vr2
Va2
Vr2
Kinematics of Flow Past A Rotor Blade

8. U
Vr1
Va1
Vr2
Va2 b1 a1 a2 b2
Va1: Inlet Absolute Velocity
Vr1: Inlet Relative Velocity
Vr2: Exit Relative Velocity
Va2:Exit Absolute Velocity
a1: Inlet Nozzle Angle.
b1: Inlet Blade Angle.
b2: Exit Blade Angle.
a2: inlet Nozzle Angle (next stage).

9. U
Vr1
Va1 b1 a1
Va2 a2
Vr2 b2
Newton’s Second Law for an Impulse Blade:
The tangential force acting on the jet is:
F = mass flow rate X Change of velocity in the tangential direction
Change in velocity in tangential direction: -Vr2 cos(b2) – Vr1 cos(b1).
-(Vr2 cos(b2) + Vr1 cos(b1)).
Tangential Force,

10. The reaction to this force provides the driving thrust on the wheel.
The driving force on wheel
Power Output of the blade :
Diagram Efficiency or Blade efficiency:

11. Power Output of the blade :
Vr1
Va1
Vr2
Va2 b1 a1 a2 b2
For impulse blading with inviscid flow
For blading with frictional flow

12. U
Vr1
Va1
Vr2
Va2 b1 a1 a2 b2

13. For a given shape of the blade, the efficiency is a strong function of U/Va1, called blade speed ratio, f

14. Condition for maximum efficiency:
Vr1
Va1
Vr2
Va2 b1 a1 a2 b2

15. Availability of Steam for Condenser Temperature of 450C
Turbine Inlet : 3500 kJ/kg
Turbine Exit
Specific
Available
Jet Velocity
Pressure
Temp
Enthalpy
Work
MPa C
kJ/kg
m/s 1
509.9
2464
1036
1439 2 5
528.4
2232
1268
1592 3 10
549.6
2135
1365
1652 4 15
569
2080
1420
1685 20
586.7
2041
1459
1708 6 25
602.9
2012
1488
1725 7 30
617.7
1989
1511
1738 8 35
631.3
1969
1531
1750

16. de Laval Turbine : The First Design for Steam Turbine
de Laval turbine is an impulse turbine : An enormous velocity (30,000 revolutions per minute in the 5 H. P. size) is requisite for high efficiency, and the machine has therefore to be geared down to be of practical use.

17. Creation of Wonderful Concept with Deep Fluid Dynamics & it is Still Valid?!?!?!
The creator had a long term vision in Developing a Sustainable & Economically Viable Non-biological Beast……

18. An Invention that Made abundance of Electricity at Very Cheap
The modern steam turbine was invented in 1884 by the Englishman Sir Charles Parsons.
The first model was connected to a dynamo that generated 7.5 kW (10 hp) of electricity.
The invention of Parson's steam turbine made cheap and plentiful electricity possible and revolutionized marine transport and naval warfare.
His patent was licensed and the turbine scaled-up shortly after by an American, George Westinghouse.
The Parson's turbine also turned out to be easy to scale up.

19. A Device Easy to Scale up
Parsons had the satisfaction of seeing his invention adopted for all major world power stations, and the size of generators had increased from his first 7.5 kW set up to units of 50,000 kW capacity.
Within Parson's lifetime the generating capacity of a unit was scaled up by about 10,000 times.
The total output from turbo-generators constructed by his firm C. A. Parsons and Company and by their licensees, for land purposes alone, had exceeded thirty million horse-power.

20. Classification of Steam Turbines

21. The most powerful steam turbine-generator in the world at the time of it's construction:1903
Built in 1903, the 5,000-kilowatt Curtis steam turbine-generator was the most powerful in the world. It stood just 25 feet high, much shorter than the 60 feet reciprocating engine-generator of a similar capacity