1. March 2007http://csg.csail.mit.edu/arvindSemantics-1 Scheduling Primitives for Bluespec Arvind Computer Science & Artificial Intelligence Lab Massachusetts Institute of Technology Work in progress

2. March 2007 Semantics-2http://csg.csail.mit.edu/arvind mem fifo Done? outQ Motivation rule “recirculate” x = mem.peek(); y = fifo.first(); if done?(x) then fifo.deq() ; mem.deq() ; outQ.enq(x) else mem.deq(); mem.req(addr(x)); fifo.deq(); fifo.enq(y) Need a way of - saying deq happens before enq within the same rule - building such a FIFO

3. March 2007 Semantics-3http://csg.csail.mit.edu/arvind BS: A Language of Atomic Actions A program is a collection of instantiated modules m 1 ; m 2 ;... Module ::= Module name [State variable r] [Rule R a] [Action method g (x) = a] [Read method f (x) = e] e ::= r | c | t | Op(e, e) | e ? e : e | (t = e in e) | m.f(e) | e when e a ::= r := e | if e then a | a | a ; a | (t = e in a) | m.g(e) | a when e Conditional action Parallel Composition Sequential Composition Method call Guarded action

4. March 2007 Semantics-4http://csg.csail.mit.edu/arvind mem fifo Done? outQ LPM in Bluespec using the sequential connective module lpm rule “recirculate” action method enter(x) = mem.req(addr(x)) | fifo.enq(x) (x = mem.peek() in (y = fifo.first() in (if done?(x) then fifo.deq() | mem.deq() | outQ.enq(x) else (mem.deq(); mem.req(addr(x))) | (fifo.deq(); fifo.enq(y))) Notice Different made up syntax

5. March 2007 Semantics-5http://csg.csail.mit.edu/arvind Guards vs If’s Guards affect the surroundings (a1 when p1) | a2 ==> (a1 | a2) when p1 Effect of an “if” is local (if p1 then a1) | a2 ==> if p1 then (a1 | a2) else a2 p1 has no effect on a2

6. March 2007 Semantics-6http://csg.csail.mit.edu/arvind Conditionals & Cases if p then a1 else a2  if p then a1 | if !p then a2 Similarly for cases

7. March 2007 Semantics-7http://csg.csail.mit.edu/arvind Semantics of a rule execution Specify which state elements the rule modifies Let  represent the value of all the registers before the rule executes Let U be the set of updates implied by the rule execution

8. March 2007 Semantics-8http://csg.csail.mit.edu/arvind BS Action Rules reg-update  ├ e  v, (v != ┴ )  ├ (r := e)  {(r, v)} Like a set union but blows up if there are any duplicates Like pmerge but U2 dominates U1 if-true  ├ e  true,  ├ a  U  ├ (if e then a)  U if-false  ├ e  false  ├ (if e then a)   par  ├ a1  U1,  ├ a2  U2  ├ (a1 | a2)  pmerge(U1,U2) seq  ├ a1  U1, update(,U1) ├ a2  U2  ├ ( a1 ; a2)  smerge(U1,U2)

9. March 2007 Semantics-9http://csg.csail.mit.edu/arvind BS Action Rules cont a-let-sub  ├ e  v, smerge(, {(t,v)}) ├ a  U  ├ ((t = e) in a)  U Expression rules are similar a-meth-call  ├ e  v, (v != ┴ ),x.a = lookup(m.g), smerge(,{(x,v)}) ├ a  U  ├ m.g(e)  U

10. March 2007 Semantics-10http://csg.csail.mit.edu/arvind Guard Semantics If no rule applies, e.g., if e in (a when e) returns false, then the system is stuck and the effect of the whole atomic action of which (a when e) is a part is “no action”. a-when-ready  ├ e  true,  ├ a  U   ├ (a when e)  U e-when-ready-true  ├ e1  v,  ├ e2  true   ├ (e1 when e2)  v e-when-ready-false  ├ e1  v,  ├ e2  false   ├ (e1 when e2)  ┴

11. March 2007 Semantics-11http://csg.csail.mit.edu/arvind Execution model Repeatedly: Select a rule to execute Compute the state updates Make the state updates Highly non- deterministic Implementation concern: Schedule multiple rules concurrently without violating one-rule-at-a-time semantics

12. March 2007 Semantics-12http://csg.csail.mit.edu/arvind mem fifo Done? outQ LPM: Scheduling issues module lpm rule “recirculate” action method enter(x) = mem.req(addr(x)) | fifo.enq(x) (x = mem.res() in (y = fifo.first() in (if done?(x) then fifo.deq() | mem.deq() | outQ.enq(x) else (mem.deq(); mem.req(addr(x))) | (fifo.deq(); fifo.enq(y))) Can a rule calling method “enter” execute concurrently with the “recirculate” rule ? If not who should have priority? The compiler’s scheduling is not good enough for this level of specificity

13. March 2007 Semantics-13http://csg.csail.mit.edu/arvind Concurrent Scheduling & Rule composition Rule R1 a1 when p1 Rule R2 a2 when p2 Scheduling Primitives: 1. S = par(R1,R2) where the meaning of rule S is Rule S ((if p1 then a1)|(if p2 then a2)) when (p1 xor p2) 2. S = compose(R1,R2) where the meaning of rule S is Rule S ((a1 when p1);(a2 when p2)) 3. S = restrict(R1,R2)  where the meaning of rule S is  Rule S (a2 when (!p1 & p2))

14. March 2007 Semantics-14http://csg.csail.mit.edu/arvind Schedules Grammar S ::= R | compose(S, S) | par(S, S) | restrict(S, S) 1. The user must specify a schedule 2. A rule can occur multiple times in a schedule Such schedules combined with rule-splitting lets the user specify concurrency safely in execution

15. March 2007 Semantics-15http://csg.csail.mit.edu/arvind LPM: Split the Internal rule module lpm rule “recirculate” (x = mem.res() in (y = fifo.first() in (if !done?(x) then (mem.deq(); mem.req(addr(x))) | (fifo.deq(); fifo.enq(y))) rule “exit” (x = mem.res() in (y = fifo.first() in (if done?(x) then fifo.deq() | mem.deq() | outQ.enq(x) action method enter(x) = mem.req(addr(x)) | fifo.enq(x)

16. March 2007 Semantics-16http://csg.csail.mit.edu/arvind LPM Schedules Schedule-1 rc = restrict(enter,recirculate) ee = compose(exit,enter) ex = restrict(ee,exit) en = restrict(exit,enter) S1 = par(rc,ee,en,ex) Schedule-2 er = restrict(recirculate, enter) ee = compose(exit,er) ex = restrict(ee,exit) en = restrict(er,exit) S2 = par(ee,en,ex) enter has priority over recirculate; no dead cycles recirculate has priority over enter; no dead cycles Difficult to pick between S1 and S2!

17. March 2007 Semantics-17http://csg.csail.mit.edu/arvind Final words Market forces are demanding a much greater variety of SoCs The design cost for SoCs has to be brought down dramatically by facilitating IP reuse High-level synthesis tools are essential for architectural exploration and IP development Bluespec and associated tools are a promising solution to this problem

18. March 2007 Semantics-18http://csg.csail.mit.edu/arvind Resources The Blusepec Inc Web site http://bluespec.com http://bluespec.com/products/Papers.htm http://bluespec.com http://bluespec.com/products/Papers.htm Contact Bluespec Inc to get a free copy of the BSV language manual. For other publications: http://csg.lcs.mit.edu/pubs/bluespecpubs.html http://csg.lcs.mit.edu/pubs/bluespecpubs.html The 6.375 subject at MIT: Complex Digitial Systems http://csg.csail.mit.edu/6.375/http://csg.csail.mit.edu/6.375/ Thanks for listening