1. CMSC 202, Version 2/02 1 Operator Overloading Strong Suggestion: Go over the Array class example in Section 8.8 of your text. (You may ignore the Array copy constructor for now.)

2. CMSC 202, Version 2/02 2 Review -- Function Signatures A function signature is what the compiler and linker use to identify a function. In C, functions are identified only by their name. In C++, a function’s signature includes its name, parameters, and (for member functions) const. It does NOT include the return type.

3. CMSC 202, Version 2/02 3 A C++ swap( ) Function We still need separate functions, but they can all have the same name. –void swap (int& a, int& b); –void swap (double& a, double& b); –void swap (struct bob& a, struct bob& b);

4. CMSC 202, Version 2/02 4 Operator Overloading Overview Many C++ operator are already overloaded for primitive types. Examples: + - * / > It is often convenient for our classes to imitate the operations available on primitive types (e.g., + or - ). Then we can use the same concise notation for manipulating our objects.

5. CMSC 202, Version 2/02 5 A Complex Number Class class Complex { public: Complex (int real = 0, int imagine = 0); int getReal ( ) const; int getImagine ( ) const; void setReal (int n); void setImagine (int d); private: int real; int imagine; };

6. CMSC 202, Version 2/02 6 Using Complex Class It makes sense to want to perform mathematical operations with Complex objects. Complex C1 (3, 5), C2 (5, 9), C3; C3 = C1 + C2; // addition C2 = C3 * C1; // subtraction C1 = -C2; // negation

7. CMSC 202, Version 2/02 7 Operators Are Really Functions For user-defined types, when you use an operator, you are making a function call. Consider the expression: C2 + C1 –This is translated into a function call. –The name of the function is “operator+” –The call is: C2.operator+(C1);

8. CMSC 202, Version 2/02 8 Declaring operator+ As a Member Function class Complex { public: const Complex operator+ (const Complex &rhs) const; … }; Note all of the const’s!

9. CMSC 202, Version 2/02 9 operator+ Implementation const Complex Complex :: operator+ (const Complex &rhs) const { Complex sum; // accessor and mutators not required sum.imagine = imagine + rhs.imagine; // but preferred sum.setReal( getReal( ) + rhs.getReal ( ) ); return sum; }

10. CMSC 202, Version 2/02 10 Using operator+ We can now write C3 = C2 + C1; We can also use cascading operators. C4 = C3 + C2 + C1; And we can write C3 = C2 + 7; But C3 = 7 + C2 is a compiler error. (Why?)

11. CMSC 202, Version 2/02 11 operator+ As a Non-member, Non-friend const Complex operator+ (const Complex &lhs, // extra parameter const Complex &rhs) // not const { // must use accessors and mutators Complex sum; sum.setImagine (lhs.getImagine( ) + rhs.getImagine( ) ); sum.setReal (lhs.getReal ( ) + rhs.getReal( ) ); return sum; } // is now commutative

12. CMSC 202, Version 2/02 12 Declaring operator+ As a Non-member Friend Declare operator+ as a friend in the class definition. class Complex { public: friend const Complex operator+ (const Complex& a, const Complex& b); … };

13. CMSC 202, Version 2/02 13 Operator+ As a Non-member Friend (con’t) const Complex operator+ (const Complex& lhs, const Complex& rhs) { Complex sum; // accessors and mutators not required sum.imagine = lhs.imagine + rhs.imagine; // but preferred sum.setReal( lhs.getReal( ) + rhs.getReal( )) ; return sum; } // violates encapsulation! Non-friend better.

14. CMSC 202, Version 2/02 14 Printing Objects Each object should be responsible for printing itself. This guarantees objects are always printed the same way. It allows us to write intuitive output code: Complex C5 (5, 3); cout << C5 << endl;

15. CMSC 202, Version 2/02 15 Operator<< The insertion operator >, too. << is a binary operator. The left-hand operand is of type ostream& Therefore, operator<< cannot be a member function. It must be a non- member.

16. CMSC 202, Version 2/02 16 operator<< ostream& operator<< (ostream& out, const Complex& c) { out << c.getReal( ); int imagine = c.getImagine( ); out << (imagine < 0 ? “ - ” : “ + ” ) out << imagine << “i”; return out; } Could be, and often, is a friend Note: no endl

17. CMSC 202, Version 2/02 17 Operator<< Returns Type ‘ostream &’ Why? So we can write statements such as cout << C5 << “is a complex number” OR cout << C3 << endl << C2 << endl; << associates from left to right.

18. CMSC 202, Version 2/02 18 Overloading Unary Operators Complex C1(4, 5), C2; C2 = -C1; is an example of a unary operator (minus). We can and should overload this operator as a member function.

19. CMSC 202, Version 2/02 19 Unary operator- const Complex Complex :: operator- ( ) const { Complex x; x.real = -real; x.imagine = imagine; return x; }

20. CMSC 202, Version 2/02 20 Overloading = Remember that assignment performs a memberwise (shallow) copy by default. This is not sufficient when a data member is dynamically allocated. = must be overloaded to do a deep copy.

21. CMSC 202, Version 2/02 21 Restrictions Not all operators can be overloaded. You can’t make up your own operators. You can’t overload operators for primitive types (like int). You can’t change the precedence of an operator. You can’t change the associativity of an operator.

22. CMSC 202, Version 2/02 22 Good Programming Practices Overload operators so that they mimic the behavior of primitive data types. Overloaded binary arithmetic operators should –return const objects by value –be written as non-member functions when appropriate to allow commutativity –be written as non-friend functions (if data member accessors are available) Overload unary operators as member functions. Always overload << Always overload = for objects with dynamic data members.