1. Computational Spectroscopy II. ab initio Methods from part (g) Advanced Methods for Thermochemistry Chemistry 713 Updated: February 28, 2008

2. Advanced Methods for Thermochemistry 1. Thermodynamics from Gaussian data 2. Rate constants from Gaussian data 3.“High accuracy” extrapolation methods - G1, G2, G3, CBS-4M, CBS-Q, CBS-QB3 4.Condensed phase methods - treatments of solvation

3. Thermodynamic quantities available from a Gaussian FREQ calculation # freq hf/3-21+g geom=connectivity … Vinyl fluoride frequency … ------------------- - Thermochemistry - ------------------- Temperature 298.150 Kelvin. Pressure 1.00000 Atm.... This molecule is an asymmetric top. Rotational symmetry number 1. Rotational temperatures (Kelvin) 3.05888.50432.43294 Rotational constants (GHZ): 63.73686 10.50837 9.02106 Zero-point vibrational energy 124526.4 (Joules/Mol) 29.76253 (Kcal/Mol) Warning -- explicit consideration of 1 degrees of freedom as vibrations may cause significant error Vibrational temperatures: 739.91 1123.38 1431.13 1558.02 1624.71 (Kelvin) 1789.79 2083.59 2245.96 2657.35 4809.86 4928.00 4962.46 Zero-point correction=.047430 (Hartree/Particle) Thermal correction to Energy=.050672 Thermal correction to Enthalpy=.051616 Thermal correction to Gibbs Free Energy=.023092 Sum of electronic and zero-point Energies= -175.909354 Sum of electronic and thermal Energies= -175.906112 Sum of electronic and thermal Enthalpies= -175.905167 Sum of electronic and thermal Free Energies= -175.933691 E (Thermal) CV S KCal/Mol Cal/Mol-Kelvin Cal/Mol-Kelvin Total 31.797 9.146 60.033 Electronic.000.000.000 Translational.889 2.981 37.405 Rotational.889 2.981 21.503 Vibrational 30.019 3.185 1.126 Vibration 1.869 1.218.623 Q Log10(Q) Ln(Q) Total Bot.238974E-10 -10.621649 -24.457250 Total V=0.156464E+12 11.194414 25.776090 Vib (Bot).174410E-21 -21.758428 -50.100631 Vib (Bot) 1.315520E+00 -.500974 -1.153534 Vib (V=0).114192E+01.057635.132710 Vib (V=0) 1.109123E+01.037916.087305 Electronic.100000E+01.000000.000000 Translational.122716E+08 7.088902 16.322799 Rotational.111655E+05 4.047877 9.320581 A portion of the G03 output “.log” file. (cont’d)….

4. Thermodynamic quantities ReactantsTransition state (‡)Products Difference in electronic energy Zero point energy Avg Thermal Energy See Cramer, p 355 ff. D. A. McQuarrie, Statistical Mechanics

5. Rates of Chemical Reaction ReactantsTransition state (‡)Products Difference in electronic energy Zero point energy Avg Thermal Energy Average Thermal Energy of molecules that react E 0 Barrier to reaction E a Activation Energy Arrhenius rate: Transition state theory: ‡ See Cramer, p 519 ff. J. I. Steinfeld, J.S. Francisco, W. L. Hase, Chemical Kinetics and Reaction Dynamics For aA + bB  products, the partition functions are and Q which does NOT include the reaction coordinate. ‡ Transition state theory, when carefully applied with good ab initio data, can give very good rate constants. The Arrhenius expression is used mainly as a means of fitting experimental data, and is NOT commonly used to generate calculated rates from ab initio data.

6. Gaussian-1, Gaussian-2, Gaussian-3, and CBS Theories Basis set and correlation extrapolation methods calibrated on a large number of species to get the thermochemistry right. G1, G2, G3, and several variants developed by Pople are available in G03. G1 & G2 in Foresman & Frisch, pp 150-153 G3 in Curtis et al., J. Chem. Phys. 109, 7764 (1998). G2 gets 148 enthalpies with absolute deviations from experiment of 1.56 kcal/mol, and G3 within 0.94 kcal/mol. “Complete Basis Set” (CBS) methods (CBS-4M, CBS-Q, CBS-QB3) developed by Peterson and collaborators are also available in G03. Foresman & Frisch, pp 154-160. CBS-Q is a little better than G2; CBS-QB3 is comparable to G3, but faster. The better levels of these “high accuracy methods” are demanding on CPU time. Compromise on the level is necessary for larger systems. The calculations involved are fully ab initio, but the design of the extrapolation methods is empirical, based on a a range of test systems Gives some semiempirical character to these “high accuracy methods” Work well for the kinds of systems and for the properties on which they were calibrated, but otherwise caveat emptor.

7. Details of the G1 and G2 methods All terms must be added to get the final energy ( Foresman & Frisch, p 152 ). G3 is similar but is more complicated ( Curtis et al., J. Chem. Phys. 109, 7764 (1998) ). G2 add these G1 add these energies Foresman & Frisch, p 152

8. G2 & G3 accuracy Curtis et al., J. Chem. Phys. 109, 7764 (1998).

9. CBS vs G3 CBS-QB3 is comparable in accuracy to G3, but runs faster. G3(MP2) is almost as good and is faster than CBS-B3. (proton affinity) Montgomery, Frisch, Ochterski, and Peterson, J. Chem. Phys. 112, 6532 (2000). (electron affinity) (ionization potential) (heat of formation)

10. Solvation methods Solvation of the subject molecules can have an important, sometimes dramatic, effect on calculated properties, including relative energies, molecular geometries and spectra. Different kinds of solvents can have very different effects: hydrogen-bonding solvents vs polar solvents vs non-polar solvents. Explicit (or “discrete”) methods treat a collection of individual solvent molecules as part of the molecular system. Treat interactions between solute and solvent molecules explicitly. Configurational sampling is necessary. Computationally demanding: Usually only molecular mechanics methods are feasible for this approach. Implicit (or “continuum”) methods treat only the core molecular system with ab initio methods; the solvent is replaced by an average field with a suitable dielectric constant etc. Create a cavity in the solvent of the right size and shape for the molecular system. Does not add significantly to the cost of the calculation. Hybrid approaches treat a small number of solvent molecules explicitly and the rest of the solvent implicitly. See the figure above. ( Mark Gordon, www.msg.ameslab.gov/tutorials/solvation.pdf ) For an extended discussion of solvation models, see Cramer chapter 11 for implicit models and chapter 12 for explicit models.

11. Solvation Methods in G03 Self-Consistent Reaction Field models are accessed with the SCRF keyword. SCRF=dipole: Onsager model (simplest) Dipole-induced dipole interaction Supply the radius of the cavity and the dielectric constant of the solvent. SCRF=PCM: The Polarized Continuum Model treats the cavity as the union of interlocking spheres on each atom numerically integrates the solvent polarization SCRF=IPCM: The Isodensity PCM model allows for optimizing the cavity shape. SCRF=SCIPM: The Self-Consistent IPCM model includes the effect of solvation in the electronic SCF solution. Solvation models require care and some sophistication for proper usage; even then chemical accuracy on solvation effects may be difficult to achieve. For a detailed description, see the Gaussian 03 User’s References, p 203 and the references listed there.

12. A case study on solvation effects (2-nitrovinyl)amine: NH 2 -CH=CH-NO 2 Transition state Foresman et al., J. Phys. Chem. 100, 16098 (1996). Syn Anti

13. Appendix: The z-matrix %chk=vinylflorifde test.chk %mem=6MW %nproc=1 # opt hf/3-21g geom=connectivity Test 1 vinyl fluoride 0 1 C H 1 B1 H 1 B2 2 A1 C 1 B3 3 A2 2 D1 H 4 B4 1 A3 3 D2 F 4 B5 1 A4 3 D3 B1 1.07000000 B2 1.07000000 B3 1.35520000 B4 1.07000000 B5 1.35000000 A1 120.00000000 A2 120.00000000 A3 120.00000000 A4 120.00000000 D1 180.00000000 D2 0.00000000 D3 -180.00000000 Charge = 0 Spin multiplicity = 1 Z-matrix Atoms are numbered 1 to 6 from top to bottom. The bond length from atom 2 (H) to atom 1 is B1. The bond angle 3-1-2 is A1. The dihedral angle 4-1-3-2 is D1. Here are the values of the variables that appear in the z-matrix. One can also put the numerical data directly into the z-matrix. The z-matrix appears in the Gaussian input files (.com or.gjf) to specify the initial molecular geometry