1. Symmetry and the DTFT
If we know a few things about the symmetry properties of the DTFT, it can make life simpler.
First, for a real-valued sequence x(n), the amplitude spectrum (magnitude of the DTFT) is an EVEN function of w.
To show this first show that,

2. Symmetry and the DTFT
But we’ve assumed that x(n) is a real sequence, so
and the relationship is proven

3. Symmetry and the DTFT The amplitude spectrum is
If w is replaced by –w, th amplitude spectrum is unchanged. X(ejw) = X(e-jw), so the amplitude spectrum is an even function of w.

4. Symmetry and the DTFT The phase function is
For this to be an odd function of w, the imaginary part must be odd and the real part must be even. By euler’s formula,

5. Symmetry and the DTFT
Since cos(wn) = cos(-wn), Re(X(ejw)) is an even function of w. Likewise, since sin(wn) = -sin(-wn), Im(X(ejw)) is an even function of w. Therefore, it is shown that the phase function is an odd function of w:

6. Symmetry and the DTFT Suppose x(n) has even symmetry about the origin:
Then
Which means that X(ejw) is a real-valued function

7. Periodicity and the DTFT
The DTFT is a periodic function of w, with period = 2p
So the frequency response function and all other DTFT’s are periodic.
One period of a DTFT completely describes the function for all values of w, so it Is usually plotted only for the interval [-p, p]

8. Periodicity and the DTFT
If x(n) is a real-valued sequence, the amplitude spectrum is an even function of w, AND periodic. Therefore, it is completely described by the interval [0,p]. Since the phase function is an odd function, it is also completely described by the interval [0,p].
Since the phase function is an odd function, it is also completely described by the interval [0,p].

9. DTFT of a Sinusoid Suppose x(n) is the complex exponential, ejfn
This delta function is the Dirac (continuous time) delta function, so it has the sifting property.
Taking the inverse DTFT,

10. DTFT of a Sinusoid
So the complex exponential sequenc looks like this in the frequency domain: 2p 2p 2p
-2p
-2p+f -p f p 2p
2p+f

11. DTFT of a Sinusoid
If x(n) is a sinusoid:

12. DTFT of a Sinusoid
So the DTFT of a sinusoid is a pair of impulses int the frequency domain, at the positive and negative frequency of the sinusoid, then repeated every 2p radians per sample p p p p p p
-2p-f
-2p
-2p+f -p -f f p 2p
2p+f
2p-f

13. The DTFT and the Fourier Transform
Suppose we have a continuous time signal xa(t), and its Fourier transform:
We sample xa(t) at a sampling frequency fs, creating a discrete time signal (a sequence):
This sequence has a spectrum (DTFT):

14. The DTFT and the Fourier Transform
I will state the following relationship now, without proof. The proof comes later:
In other words, whatever the continuous time spectrum is, the spectrum of the discrete time signal obtained by sampling has the same shape, but it is periodic in frequency with period = fs

15. The DTFT and the Fourier Transform
If the continuous time signal has this spectrum
Xa(f)
-2fs
-fs fs
2fs f
Then the discrete time signal (sequence) has this spectrum:
X(ej2pf)
-2fs
-fs fs
2fs f

16. The DTFT and the Fourier Transform
If the continuous time signal is bandlimited (has no significant spectral content above some frequency f=B),
Xa(f)
-2fs
-fs -B B fs
2fs f
Then the sequence obtained by sampling the continuous time signal looks like this in the frequency domain:

17. The DTFT and the Fourier Transform
X(ej2pf)
-2fs
-fs -B B fs
2fs f
As long as fs > 2B, no problem. But if fs < 2B, it looks like this:
X(ej2pf)
-4fs
-3fs
-2fs
-fs -B B fs
2fs
3fs
4fs f

18. The DTFT and the Fourier Transform
Note that the spectral replicas created by sampling overlap
X(ej2pf)
-4fs
-3fs
-2fs
-fs -B B fs
2fs
3fs
4fs f
This is called aliasing
To avoid aliasing, the minimum sample frequency is given by the Nyquist criterion:

19. The DTFT and the Fourier Transform
And the minimum sampling frequency is called the Nyquist frequency or Nyquist rate.
If the Nyquist criterion is met, the original continuous time signal xa(t) can be completely recovered from the sequence x(n) by an ideal digital to analog converter.

20. The DTFT and the Fourier Transform
To make sure the Nyquist criterion is met, the signal should pass through an antialiasing filter before it is sampled by the analog to digital converter (ADC):
xa(t)
Antiasing Filter
ADC
x(n)
The antialising filter must be designed to cut off any spectral content above ½ the sampling frequency.