1. Prevention of Cancer Cervix by Vaccination
Dr Hemant S Damle
Professor Dept.of Obs/Gyn
SKN Medical College Pune. *

2. Dr Harald zur Hausen *

3. Nobel in Medicine 2008 Dr Harald zur Hausen
for his discovery of "human papilloma viruses causing cervical cancer“
Discovery of human papilloma virus causing cervical cancer
Against the prevailing view during the 1970s, Harald zur Hausen postulated a role for human papilloma virus (HPV) in cervical cancer.
He assumed that the tumour cells, if they contained an oncogenic virus, should harbour viral DNA integrated into their genomes. The HPV genes promoting cell proliferation should therefore be detectable by specifically searching tumor cells for such viral DNA. Harald zur Hausen pursued this idea for over 10 years by searching for different HPV types, a search made difficult by the fact that only parts of the viral DNA were integrated into the host genome. He found novel HPV-DNA in cervix cancer biopsies, and thus discovered the new, tumourigenic HPV16 type in In 1984, he cloned HPV16 and 18 from patients with cervical cancer. The HPV types 16 and 18 were consistently found in about 70% of cervical cancer biopsies throughout the world. *

4. HPV infection - no abnormality
WORLDWIDE ESTIMATES ON THE BURDEN OF HPV & RELATED GENITAL DISEASES IN WOMEN
Cervical Cancer
vulval, anal, vaginal
oral cancer
0.5
million
High-grade
Intra-epithelial Lesions
10 million 30
million 30
million
Genital
Warts
Low-grade
Intra-epithelial Lesions
Although it is very difficult to make an accurate estimate of the number of individuals globally who are affected by HPV, one estimate is that there are approximately 300 million women at any point in time who are HPV DNA positive, but who have no cervical abnormalities or genital warts.
300 million
HPV infection - no abnormality
UK /11 *

5. ESTIMATED HPV CONTRIBUTION TO CANCER
> 99%
84.3%
69.9%
47.0%
40.4%
5% of all cancers
are HPV associated
35.6%
Oncogenic HPV DNA sequences are found in more than 99% of cervical cancers globally. HPV infection is associated with cancers other than cervix. Oncogenic HPV DNA sequences are found in a proportion of anal, vulval, vaginal, penile and head and neck cancers and the precursor intra epithelial lesions. HPV 16 is again the dominant oncogenic type and overall the malignant burden attributable to HPV infection is calculated to be 5% of all cancers
23,5%
: 95% CI for the proportion
HPV DNA detection
Source: WHO/ICO Information Centre on HPV and Cervical Cancer, second edition 2009 ( Estimates are based on 4 reviews: Bosch et al, 2002; Kreimer et al, 2005; De Vuyst et al, 2008; Miralles-Guri et al, 2009.
UK /11 *

6. Importance of the HPV discovery
The global public health burden attributable to human papilloma viruses is considerable. More than 5% of all cancers worldwide are caused by persistent infection with this virus. Infection by the human papilloma virus is the most common sexually transmitted agent, afflicting % of the population. Of the more than 100 HPV types known, about 40 infect the genital tract, and 15 of these put women at high risk for cervical cancer. In addition, HPV is found in some vulval, penile, oral and other cancers. Human papilloma virus can be detected in 99.7% of women with histologically confirmed cervical cancer, affecting some 500,000 women per year. *

7. Cervical Cancer cases in world due to Cervical Cancer in world
Cervical Cancer – Disease Burden
Incidence
Mortality
India ~134,000
World ~ 529,000
India ~ 73,000
World ~ 274,000
India ~25%
India ~27%
India - 27%
India’s population is approximately 1/6th of the world burden but the disease burden in India is more than 25%( 1/4th)
Rest of World - 73%
Rest of World - 75%
Rest of World - 73%
India ~25% of new
Cervical Cancer cases in world
India ~27% of deaths
due to Cervical Cancer in world
HPV and Cervical Cancer in the World Report. WHO/ICO Information Centre on HPV and Cervical Cancer (HPV Information Centre). Available at: *

8. Ten Most Frequent HPV Types of Cervical Cancer
= 82.5%
= 11.7%
HPV 16 is the most common strain associated with cervical dysplasia and cancers followed by HPV 18.
Together HPV 16 & 18 are responsible for 82.5 of cervical cancers in India.
India
Southern Asia
WHO/ICO Information Centre on HPV and Cervical Cancer (HPV Information Centre). Human Papillomavirus and Related Cancers in India. Summary Report [Accessed on 5th July,2010]. Available at www. who. int/ hpvcentre *

9. Development History of Vaccine
The research that led to the development of the vaccine began in the 1980s by groups at the University of Rochester, Georgetown University, and the USNational Cancer Institute (NCI). In 1991, Australian investigators at The University of Queensland found a way to form non-infectious virus-like particles(VLP), which could also strongly activate the immune system. However, these VLPs assembled poorly and did not have the same structure as infectious HPV. In 1993, a laboratory at the US National Cancer Institute was able to generate HPV16 VLPs that were morphologically correct. These VLPs were the basis for the HPV16 component of the Gardasil vaccine.[12] Upon commercialization of the vaccine, controversy involving intellectual property arose between the various groups that played a role in developing the vaccine. *

10. Clinical trials
Merck & Co. conducted a Phase III study named Females United to Unilaterally Reduce Endo/Ectocervical Disease (FUTURE II).
This clinical trial was a randomized double-blind study with one controlled placebo group and one vaccination group. Over 12,000 women aged 16–26 from thirteen countries participated in the study. Each woman was injected with either Gardasil or a placebo on day 1, month 2, and month 6. In total, 6,082 women were given Gardasil and 6,075 received the placebo.[13] Subjects in the vaccine group had a significantly lower occurrence of high-grade cervical intraepithelial neoplasia related to HPV-16 or HPV-18 than did those in the placebo group.[13] 
On February 27, 2006, the independent Data and Safety Monitoring Board recommended the clinical trials be terminated on ethical grounds, so that young women on placebo could receive Gardasil.[14] Merck tested the vaccine in several hundred 11- and 12-year-old girls.[15] *

11. Cervarix Human Papillomavirus vaccine (Types 16, 18) (Recombinant, adjuvanted, adsorbed) is supplied in a pre-filled syringe for intramuscular injection in the deltoid at 0, 1, 6 months.
GlaxoSmithKline Statement on UK HPV Immunisation Programme
Posted 
GlaxoSmithKline (GSK) did not participate in the UK’s Human Papillomavirus (HPV) 2011 vaccine tender process.
A recent health economics paper published in the British Medical Journal by Jit et al, concluded that the quadrivalent vaccine may have an advantage over Cervarix in reducing healthcare costs and the QALYs lost,  *

12. Gardasil is a prophylactic HPV vaccine, meaning that it is designed to prevent HPV infections. For maximum effect, it is recommended that girls receive the vaccine prior to becoming sexually active. However, women who were already infected with one or more of the four HPV types targeted by the vaccine (6, 11, 16, or 18) were protected from clinical disease caused by the remaining HPV types in the vaccine. *

13. In addition, protection against HPV 6 and HPV 11 is expected to eliminate 90% of the cases of genital warts. Gardasil also protects against vulvar and vaginal cancers caused by HPV types 16 and 18.[9]
In December 2010, Gardasil was approved by the FDA for prevention of anal cancer and associated precancerous lesions due to human papillomavirus (HPV) types 6, 11, 16, and 18 in people ages 9 through 26 years.[16][16][17] *

14. HPV infections, especially HPV 16, contribute to some head and neck cancer (HPV is found in an estimated 26-35% of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma).[18] In principle, HPV vaccines may help reduce incidence of such cancers caused by HPV, but this has not been demonstrated.[19]
Merck was denied FDA approval to market Gardasil to women aged 27 to 45. Although it was found to be safe and effective in the prevention of genital warts, it was not effective in the prevention of cervical cancer in that age group.[20] *

15. Use in males
Gardasil is also effective in males, providing protection against genital warts, anal cancer, and some potentially precancerous lesions caused by some HPV types.[5][5][17][5][17][21][5][17][21][22] An ongoing study of 4,065 males demonstrated the efficacy of Gardasil in males who did not have HPV infection prior to vaccination.[8] The vaccination is expected to protect against penile cancer and anal cancer caused by included HPV types, and research in this area is still[when?] underway.[8]
In December 2008, Merck asked the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for permission to market the vaccine in the United States for males between ages 9 to 26,[23] and the FDA approved the request on October 16, 2009.[5][5][24][5][24][25][5][24][25][26][5][24][25][26][27][5][24][25][26][27][28] In the UK, HPV vaccines are already[when?] licensed for males aged 9 to 15 and for females aged 9 to 26.[29] *

16. HPV Type 16 is also associated with oropharyngeal squamous-cell carcinoma, a form of throat cancer.*

17. Biotechnology
The HPV major capsid protein, L1, can spontaneously self-assemble into virus-like particles (VLPs) that resemble authentic HPV virions. Gardasil contains recombinant VLPs assembled from the L1 proteins of HPV types 6, 11, 16 and 18.
Since VLPs lack the viral DNA, they cannot induce cancer.
They do, however, trigger an antibody response that protects vaccine recipients from becoming infected with the HPV types represented in the vaccine. The L1 proteins are produced by separate fermentations in recombinant Saccharomyces cerevisiae and self-assembled into VLPs. *

18. The National Cancer Institute says, "Studies have shown that both Gardasil and Cervaix and  prevent nearly 100 percent of the precancerous cervical cell changes caused by the types of HPV targeted by the vaccine for up to 4 years after vaccination among women who were not infected at the time of vaccination."[34]
Gardasil has been shown to be partially effective (approximately 38%) in preventing cervical cancer caused by ten other high-risk HPV types.[35]
Antibody levels at month 3 (1 month postdose 2) are substantially higher than at month 24 (18 months postdose 3), suggesting that protection is achieved by month 3 and perhaps earlier.[10][10][36] This does not imply that the third dose can be skipped. *

19. Public health advantages
One unknown property of the vaccines now being researched is the persistence of their protective effects. Since the Gardasil vaccine has been administered for only a few years now, it is unknown whether it will provide life-long immunity to recipients. In coming decades, further study will answer this question.
Whether the effects are temporary or life-long, widespread vaccination could have a substantial public health impact. 270,000 women died of cervical cancer worldwide in 2002.[49] Acting FDA Administrator Dr. Andrew von Eschenbach said the vaccine will have "a dramatic effect" on the health of women around the world.[50] Even in the United States, where screening programs are routine, the National Cancer Institute estimated that 9,700 women would develop cervical cancer in 2006, and 3,700 would die.[51] *

20. Gardasil® [HPV (Human Papillomavirus) Quadrivalent (Types 6, 11, 16, and 18) Vaccine, Recombinant]
2006 June 8th - US FDA approves use in females aged 9 to 26 years
2008 September 12th - US FDA approves use to prevent vulvar and vaginal cancer
2009 October 16th - US FDA approves use to prevent genital warts in males aged 9 to 26 years
2010 December 22nd - US FDA approves use to prevent anal cancer in males andfemales aged 9 to 26 years
2011 April 5th - US FDA approves use in women 27 through 45 years of age *

21. Prophylactic Efficacy % CI HPV16/18 CIN2/3 98 (94,100) 93 (80,98)
Phase III Randomised Control Trials (RCTs) End of Study: Per Protocol Efficacy Populations
Vaccine
Quadrivalent
Bivalent
Mean Follow up
42 months
34.9months
Prophylactic Efficacy
% CI
HPV16/18 CIN2/3
(94,100)
(80,98)
HPV16/18 AIS
(31,100)
Not reported
HPV 16/18 VIN3/VaIN3
(83,100)
HPV6/11/16/18
VIN1/VaIN1
(86,100)
Not a target
EGL
(97,100)
Kjaer etal Cancer Prev Res :868 Paavonen etal 2009 Lancet 371:314
Dillner et al BMJ 341:3493 Palefsky IPV Montreal 2010 *

22. The HPV vaccination program is listed on the National Immunisation Program (NIP) Schedule and funded under the Immunise Australia Program. From 2007 to 2009 there was a time- limited catch-up program, for girls aged 14 to 26 years of age delivered through schools, general practices and community immunisation services. *

23. Legislation was passed by the Australian Government in 2007 to enable the HPV Register to receive data from all states and territories.
The HPV Register plays an essential role in monitoring and evaluating the program by recording information about HPV vaccine doses administered in Australia. *

24. Australia HPV Immunization program
29 Nov 2006: “The Commonwealth Government will fund the cervical cancer vaccine, QHPV Vaccine®, for girls and women aged 12 to 26 from 2007.”
April ’07 - Dec ’08
(catch-up)
July ’ Dec ’09
(catch up)
School Based Program
Girls years (catch-up)
GP Based
Young women years (catch-up)
Girls years who miss doses at school
Girls 12 – 13 years (ongoing)
Ongoing adolescent program aimed at 12 year old girls
Reference: Dept of Health and Ageing 2007 * *

25. Phase II/III Program for Quadrivalent Human Papillomavirus Vaccine
1/ Mao/p21/col 2/¶4.
2/Villa/p 272/ col 1/¶2.
3/Garland/ p1932/ col 1/¶3
May 2000
Ph III―FUTURE II (P015) CIN 2/ to 26-year-old women (N=12,167)4
Duration of Efficacy Registry Study Nordic Region
4/FUTURE II group/
p 1919/ col 1/¶2
5/ Block/p. 2140/Table 1.
6/ Reisinger/ p204/ Table 1
Long term follow up was extension of phase III clinical trial
1/Mao/p.18/ abstract.
Key Point
The clinical program for QHPV Vaccine® [Quadrivalent Human Papillomavirus (Types 6, 11, 16, 18) Recombinant Vaccine] includes numerous studies that enrolled 23,129 female adolescents and young adults in 33 countries.
Background
The clinical program for QHPV Vaccine enrolled over 23, to 26-year-old girls and women in 33 countries.1–7 Two Phase II efficacy studies established proof-of-principle (monovalent vaccine in women 16 to 23 years of age)1 and the effective dose of QHPV Vaccine (dose-ranging trial)2; and focused on vaccine efficacy with regard to persistent HPV infection and related cervical disease.
Two Phase III studies, the Females United to Unilaterally Reduce Endo/Ectocervical Disease (FUTURE) I and FUTURE II, evaluated the efficacy of the vaccine with respect to HPV 6, 11, 16, and 18 related cervical, vulvar, and vaginal disease, and genital warts.3,4
References:
1. Mao C, Koutsky LA, Ault KA, et al. Efficacy of human papillomavirus-16 vaccine to prevent cervical intraepithelial neoplasia: a randomized controlled trial. Obstet Gynecol. 2006;107:18–27.
2. Villa LL, Costa RLR, Petta CA, et al. Prophylactic quadrivalent human papillomavirus (types 6, 11, 16, and 18) L1 virus-like particle vaccine in young women: a randomised double-blind placebo-controlled multicentre phase II efficacy trial. Lancet Oncol. 2005;6:271–278.
3. Garland SM, Hernandez-Avila M, Wheeler CM, et al. Quadrivalent HPV 6/11/16/18 vaccine: prevention of cervical, vulvar and vaginal disease. New Engl J Med. 2007;356:1928–1943.
4. The FUTURE II Study Group. Quadrivalent HPV vaccine: prevention of high grade cervical intraepithelial neoplasia. New Engl J Med. 2007;356:1915–1927.
5. The FUTURE II Study Group. Prophylactic use of human papillomavirus (HPV) L1 virus-like particle vaccine significantly reduces cervical intaepithelial neoplasia grade 2, grade 3, and adenocarcinoma in situ risk: a combined analysis of four efficacy trials. Lancet. 2007: in press.
6. Block SL, Nolan T, Sattler C, et al. Comparison of the immunogenicity and reactogenicity of a prophylactic quadrivalent human papillomavirus (types 6, 11, 16, 18) L1 virus-like particle (VLP) vaccine in male and female adolescents and young adult women. Pediatrics. 2006;118;2135–2145.
7. Reisinger KS, Block SL, Lazcano-Ponce E, et al. Safety and persistent immunogenicity of a quadrivalent human papillomavirus types 6, 11, 16, 18 L1 virus-like particle vaccine in preadolescents and adolescents. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2007;26:201–209.
2/Villa/p.271/ abstract; p.272/ col 1/¶2.
3/Garland/p.1929/ col 1/¶2
Jan 1998
Jan 2003
Jan 2004
Jan 2005
Jan 2006
Jan 2007
Jan 2008
Jan 2009
Jan 2010
4/FUTURE II/p.1916/ col 1/¶3
5/FUTURE II Lancet
Package insert/ p.3/table 1
FUTURE = Females United to Unilaterally Reduce Endo/Ectocervical Disease; CIN = cervical intraepithelial neoplasia; EGL = external genital lesions.
6/ Block/p. 2135/ Abstract
7/ Reisinger/ p201/ Abstrract
1. Mao C et al. Obstet Gynecol. 2006;107:18– Villa LL et al. Lancet Oncol. 2005;6:271– Garland SM et al. New Engl J Med. 2007;356:1928– The FUTURE II Study Group. New Engl J Med. 2007;356:1915– Block SL et al. Pediatrics. 2006;118:2135– Reisinger KS et al. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2007;26:201–209. *

26. Cases of Genital Warts in Australian Females <27yrs
Start of
Vaccination 0% 2% 4% 6% 8%
10%
12%
H1 2007
H2 2007
H1 2008
H2 2008
H1 2009
H2 2009
Female Australian residents eligible for free HPV vaccination
30%
reduction
59%
reduction
95% CI 54–61;
ptrend<0·0001
73%
reduction
School based and catch up vaccination program started in 2007.
Incidence of genital warts in females , 26 yrs of age using sexual health service was 11%.
Incidence has droped by 73% in 2 years of mass vaccination coverage.
(Genital wart incidence is good indicator of assessing QHPV vaccine effectiveness in short period of time as window period for genital wart is around 6-8 months)
H2 2010
Cases of genital warts among first-time users of sexual health services, 2004–09
During vaccine era, a decline of 59% in women<26 yr with genital warts was noted.
Ref: Basil Donovan et al, Published online November 9, 2010 DOI: /S (10) *

27. Cases of Genital Warts in Australian Males <27yrs
Start of
Vaccination 0% 2% 4% 6% 8%
10%
12%
14%
H1 2007
H2 2007
H1 2008
H2 2008
H1 2009
H2 2009
Heterosexual men
18%
reduction
28%
Reduction
(CI 24–33)
ptrend<0·0001
44%
reduction
There was reduction of 44% in males for genital wart cases even though males were not vaccinated.
This is because of break in natural transmission of HPV. Thus vaccine demonstrates the heard impact
H2 2010
Cases of genital warts among first-time users of sexual health services, 2004–09
The proportion of heterosexual men diagnosed with genital warts declined in the vaccine period by 28%.
Ref: Basil Donovan et al, Published online November 9, 2010 DOI: /S (10) *

28. Effectiveness Against HPV 16/18-Related CIN 2 or Worse
V Interim Report 1 p53 Table 4-5
Per-Protocol Efficacy Population
Cohort 1
(N=2,650)
Number of Cases
Incidence Rate per 100
Person-Years
at Risk
Vaccine
Effectiveness† n
(%)
HPV 16/18-Related
1,080
0.0
100
By HPV Type
HPV 16-Related
921
HPV 18-Related
1,032
By Lesion Type
CIN 2
CIN 3 or Worse
CIN 3
AIS
Cervical Cancer
V501 - Human Papillomavirus (Quadrivalent)-Cervixcancer Interim Report p53 table 4-5
Vaccine effectiveness measures the relative reduction of the disease incidence in vaccine recipients compared to the baseline incidence rate of per 100 person-years established from the incidence rate in an unvaccinated cohort and under the assumption vaccine effectiveness is 90%.
N = Number of subjects in the indicated cohort who have received at least one vaccination and consented to effectiveness follow-up.
n = Number of subjects who have at least one follow-up visit.
AIS = Adenocarcinoma in situ; CI = Confidence interval; CIN = Cervical intraepithelial neoplasia; HPV = Human papillomavirus.
† Vaccine effectiveness measures the relative reduction of the disease incidence in vaccine recipients compared to the baseline incidence rate of per 100 person-years established from the incidence rate in an unvaccinated cohort and under the assumption vaccine effectiveness is 90%.
Not enough follow-up time was accrued in any time interval since Day 1 to draw conclusions from the results of the analysis.
Kjaer SK, An evaluation of the long-term effectiveness, immunogenicity and safety of the quadrivalent vaccine in previously vaccinated women, Presented at Eurogin 2011
Data on File *

29. Conclusions – Nordic Study
V Interim Report 1 p91A
Extensive monitoring of QHPV Vaccine is ongoing in Nordic countries as an extension of FUTURE 2 study.
No breakthrough cases of HPV 16/18 related CIN 2 or worse.
QHPV Vaccine shows a trend of continued protection in women who were vaccinated up to 7 years previously.
QHPV Vaccine continues to be generally safe and well tolerated up to 7 years following vaccination.
Kjaer SK, An evaluation of the long-term effectiveness, immunogenicity and safety of the quadrivalent vaccine in previously vaccinated women, Presented at Eurogin 2011 *

30. As of 17 June 2010, a total of 1,534 suspected adverse reactions have been reported in Australia following vaccination with Gardasil. The great majority have been mild and common problems such as soreness, swelling, or redness at the injection site. Most of the adverse reactions that have been reported are well recognised and listed in the Gardasil Product Information. Common adverse events reported to date are listed below *

31. Suspected adverse reaction
Number of reports (% of total reports for Gardasil)
Injection site reaction 294 (19.1%)
Headache 316 (20.5%)
Dizziness 214 (13.9%)
Nausea 237 (15.4%)
Fatigue and lethargy 152 (10%)
Fever 148 (9.6%)
Fainting 134 (8.7%)
General feeling of being unwell 123 (8.0%)
Vomiting 123 (8.0%)
Total = 100% *

32. As of 17 June 2010, there had been 16 reports of anaphylaxis and 133 reports of urticarial reactions (hives) in Australia following Gardasil injection. All cases reported to the TGA to date have either been treated appropriately or have resolved without treatment. The current estimated rate of anaphylaxis based on doses distributed in Australia is 2.6 per million. The rates for other vaccines given to children and adolescents range from 0 to 3.5 per million doses in international studies.1 *

33. As of February 2009, 40 million doses of Gardasil had been distributed worldwide.[38] The vaccine was tested in thousands of females (ages 9 to 26).[39] 
The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) consider the vaccine to be safe. It does not contain mercury, thiomersal or live virus or dead virus, only virus-like particles, which cannot reproduce in the human body.[39] *

34. The FDA and the CDC say that the vaccine has only minor side effects, such as soreness around the injection area.[39] 
Fainting is more common among adolescents receiving the Gardasil vaccine than in other kinds of vaccinations. Patients should remain seated for 15 minutes after they receive the HPV vaccine.[33] 
There have been reports that the shot is more painful than other common vaccines, and the manufacturer Merck partly attributes this to the virus-like particles within the vaccine.[40] 
General side effects of the shot may include joint and muscle pain, fatigue, physical weakness and general malaise.[33][33][41] *

35. GARDASIL®
GARDASIL is indicated in females aged 9 through 45 years for the prevention of cervical, vulvar, vaginal and anal cancer, precancerous or dysplastic lesions, genital warts, and infection caused by Human Papillomavirus (HPV) Types 6, 11, 16, and 18 (which are included in the vaccine).  *

36. PATH’s HPV vaccine project in India
Started in Gujarat and Andhra
Of the more than 23,000 girls vaccinated in India, three were hospitalized after vaccination as a cautionary measure. All three were released soon afterward, following observation.
Project stopped. *

37. GARDASIL is also indicated in males 9 through 26 years of age for the prevention of anal cancer, precancerous or dysplastic lesions, external genital lesions and infection caused by HPV Types 6, 11, 16, and 18. *

38. AdministrationGardasil is given in three 0
AdministrationGardasil is given in three 0.5 milliliter injections over six months. The second injection is two months after the first, and the third injection is four months after the second shot was administered *

39. Gardasil vaccination program at SKNMC Pune.
Total 3 doses Total cost Rs 2200/-
(MRP of each dose is Rs 2800 so less than 1/3 cost.)
Registration Starts from 16 March2012 till 19 March 2012.
First Dose in Last wk of March 2012
Second dose in Last wk of May 2012
Third Dose in Last wk of Sep 2012. *

40. 58 Female ( Student,staff) completed 3 doses
No major adverse reaction.
Total Vaccination done till date is 110 + *

41. IAP Recommendations – Immunization Schedule
Consensus Recommendations on Immunization, Indian Academy of Pediatrics Committee On Immunization (IAPCOI). Indian Pediatrics 2008; (45) *

42. *

43. *

44. *

45. New Vaccine
V503 [HPV (Human Papillomavirus) Nonavalent (Types 6, 11, 16, 18, 31, 33, 45, 52, and 58) Vaccine, Recombinant] - to be released in
October 12th - Broad Spectrum HPV (Human Papillomavirus) Vaccine Study in 16-to 26-Year-Old Women (V )
2009 July 21st - A Study of V503 in Preadolescents and Adolescents (V )
2010 May 11th - The Phase III trial is ongoing and Merck anticipates filing a Biologics License Application (BLA) in 2012
2010 July - Merck is recruiting for Phase III clinical trials of a nine-valent vaccine *

46. NCI is also collaborating with other researchers on second-generation preventive vaccines and on therapeutic HPV vaccines, which would prevent the development of cancer among women previously infected with HPV. The ideal vaccine strategy would combine a preventive and therapeutic vaccine. *

47. Another prevention strategy that is being explored is topical microbicides. Carrageenan, a compound that is extracted from a type of seaweed and used widely in foods and other products, has been found to inhibit HPV infection in laboratory studies. Clinical trials are under way to test whether a topical microbicide that contains carrageenan can prevent genital HPV infection. *

48. Secondary Prevention
Microencapsulation of DNA vaccine can prevent DNA degradation by nucleases for efficient delivery. Amolmigene bepiplasmid (ZYC101A), a DNA vaccine comprised of plasmid DNA encoding HPV 16/18 E6/E7 proteins encapsulated in poly(glycolide-lactide) biopolymer, has advanced to Phase II/III clinical trials and is undergoing investigation in CIN 2/3 patients  *

49. Thank you Dr Hemant Damle. E Mail :damle1@hotmail.com
(Pl send queries ,comments by ) *