1. Python Programming, 2/e1 CS177: Programming in Multimedia Objects Recitation Topic: Graphics Library

2. Python Programming, 2/e2 Objectives To be familiar with the various graphic objects available in the graphics library. To understand the fundamental concepts of computer graphics, especially the role of coordinate systems To be able to write simple graphics programs using the graphics library.

3. Python Programming, 2/e3 Simple Graphics Programming This chapter uses the graphics.py library supplied with the supplemental materials. Two location choices for graphics.py In Python ’ s Lib directory with other libraries In the same folder as your graphics program

4. Python Programming, 2/e4 Simple Graphics Programming Since this is a library, we need to import the graphics commands >>> import graphics A graphics window is a place on the screen where the graphics will appear. >>> win = graphics.GraphWin() This command creates a new window titled “Graphics Window.”

5. Python Programming, 2/e5 Simple Graphics Programming Windows can be closed/destroyed by issuing the command >>> win.close()

6. Python Programming, 2/e6 Simple Graphics Programming It ’ s tedious to use the graphics. notation to access the graphics library routines. from graphics import * The “from” statement allows you to load specific functions from a library module. “*” will load all the functions, or you can list specific ones.

7. Python Programming, 2/e7 Simple Graphics Programming Doing the import this way eliminates the need to preface graphics commands with graphics. >>> from graphics import * >>> win = GraphWin()

8. Python Programming, 2/e8 Simple Graphics Programming A graphics window is a collection of points called pixels (picture elements). The default GraphWin is 200 pixels tall by 200 pixels wide (40,000 pixels total). One way to get pictures into the window is one pixel at a time, which would be tedious. The graphics routine has a number of predefined routines to draw geometric shapes.

9. Python Programming, 2/e9 Point The simplest object is the Point. Like points in geometry, point locations are represented with a coordinate system (x, y), where x is the horizontal location of the point and y is the vertical location. The origin (0,0) in a graphics window is the upper left corner. X values increase from right to left, y values from top to bottom. Lower right corner is (199, 199)

10. Python Programming, 2/e10 Point Example >>> p = Point(50, 60) >>> p.getX() 50 >>> p.getY() 60 >>> win = GraphWin() >>> p.draw(win) >>> p2 = Point(140, 100) >>> p2.draw(win)

11. Circles Given a 2-Dimensional plane, what two things do you need to draw a circle? Python Programming, 2/e11

12. Python Programming, 2/e12 Circles Like circles in geometry, circles in graphics library are represented by the center of the circle which is a Point and the radius of the circle

13. Python Programming, 2/e13 Circle Example >>> center = Point(100, 100) >>> win = GraphWin() >>> cir = Circle(center, 40) >>> cir.draw(win)

14. Python Programming, 2/e14 Rectangle Rectangles are the graphics object in graphics module which take the two points as parameters These two points are the two ends of the diagonals of the rectangle

15. Python Programming, 2/e15 Rectangle Example >>> p1 = Point(100, 100) >>> p2 = Point(150,150) >>> win = GraphWin() >>> rect = Rectangle(p1,p2) >>> rect.draw(win)

16. How can you draw a square? We have a problem here. There is no method in graphics library to draw a square. Can you suggest a way? Python Programming, 2/e16

17. Python Programming, 2/e17 Lines We can interpret lines as a series of points connecting the origin point to the destination point in one direction in a single dimension. Lines in graphics library are represented in the same way and Line() takes two points as parameters and draws a line between those two points.

18. Python Programming, 2/e18 Line Example >>> p1 = Point(100, 100) >>> p2 = Point(150,150) >>> win = GraphWin() >>> line = Line(p1,p2) >>> line.draw(win)

19. Python Programming, 2/e19 Ovals Ovals in graphics library are drawn inside a rectangle specified by two points in the window. Oval takes two points as its parameter and constructs an oval in the bounding box determined by those two points.

20. Python Programming, 2/e20 Oval Example >>> p1 = Point(50, 100) >>> p2 = Point(150,150) >>> win = GraphWin() >>> oval = Oval(p1,p2) >>> oval.draw(win)

21. Python Programming, 2/e21 Polygons Polygons are the figures that has a closed path consisting of lines joining the given set of points Polygon() takes variable number of points as arguments and creates a polygon joining those set of points Eg. Polygon(point1, point2, point3, …)

22. Python Programming, 2/e22 Polygon Example >>> p1 = Point(50, 100) >>> p2 = Point(100,150) >>> p3 = Point(75, 50) >>> win = GraphWin() >>> polygon = Polygon(p1,p2) >>> polygon.draw(win)

23. Generic methods supported by every Graphics object setFill(color) : Fills the interior of object with specified color setOutline(color): Sets the outline of object to the given colot setWidth(pixels): Sets the width of the outline to specified pixels. draw(graphWin): Draws the object to the given window undraw(): Undraws the graphics object from a graphics window move(dx,dy): Moves the graphics object dx units in x direction and dy units in y direction clone(): returns the duplicate of that graphics object. The clones are always in undrawn state. You need to call draw() on those objects to draw them on window. Python Programming, 2/e23

24. Getting it all together from graphics import * def main(): win = GraphWin() drawFace(win) drawEyes(win) drawNose(win) drawLips(win) drawTeeth(win) def drawFace(win): centerOfFace = Point(100, 100) face = Circle(centerOfFace, 50) centerOfLeftEye = Point(80,75) face.draw(win) def drawEyes(win): centerOfLeftEye = Point(80,75) leftEye = Circle(centerOfLeftEye, 10) centerOfRightEye = Point(120,75) rightEye = Circle(centerOfRightEye, 10) leftEye.draw(win) rightEye.draw(win) Python Programming, 2/e24

25. Getting it all together (Cont.) def drawNose(win): noseEdge1 = Point(100, 90) noseEdge2 = Point(90, 110) noseEdge3 = Point(110,110) nose = Polygon(noseEdge1, noseEdge2, noseEdge3) nose.draw(win) def drawLips(win): lipsEdge1 = Point(80,125) lipsEdge2 = Point(120, 125) lips = Line(lipsEdge1, lipsEdge2) lips.draw(win) def drawTeeth(win): toothPoint1 = Point(90,125) toothPoint2 = Point(95, 130) toothPoint3 = Point(110, 125) toothPoint4 = Point(115, 130) tooth1 = Rectangle(toothPoint1, toothPoint2) tooth2 = Rectangle (toothPoint3, toothPoint4) tooth1.draw(win) tooth2.draw(win) main() Python Programming, 2/e25

26. Python Programming, 2/e26