1. Admission Regulation of Traffic to Improve Public Transport in Urban Areas Manuel Augusto Vieira Traffic Division of Lisbons City Hall Carlos Filipe Gomes Bispo Instituto de Sistemas e Robótica Instituto Superior Técnico

2. Outline Introduction and Motivation The problem The approach The experiment Conclusions

3. INTRODUCTION and MOTIVATION

4. The overal picture Cars - Explosive –Increasingly being used for daily transportation. –Increase in their number. Roads - Deficient –Mainly radial, discontinuities, etc. Public transport supply - Inadequate –Maladjusted supply and demand, no quality monitoring Urban growth – Chaotic –Services in the town –Housing moving away from town

5. City of hills (space) Lisbon – the capital city Close to one million inhabitants Over 3 million in the metro- politan area surrounding the city The roads are mainly radial in between the major hills

6. City of hills (time) Significant amount of commut- ers The morning peak more pronounced and well defined. The afternoon peak is softer and longer

7. Daily flow balance City has a wide network of sensors –Entry gates, traffic lights, roundabouts, etc. One day picture of flow balance at all the gates

8. THE PROBLEM

9. All gates wide open Daily invasion of private cars No tradition of car pooling Average circulating speed of buses is below 15 Km/h (less than 9.4 miles/hour) Public Transport crushed by the pressure of private trans- port

10. THE APPROACH

11. The alternative view Main objective: to reduce the pressure exerted on the Public Transport (PT) by the Indivi- dual Transport (IT) What is the influence of IT over the average speed of PT? Are there bounds for the inflow of IT that will render PT competitive? –That is, average speed above 20 Km/h (12.5 miles/h), at least

12. Bus route under observation CAIS DO SODRÉ CAMPO GRANDE C. Sodré-Rossio1710m Rossio-Marquês1760m Marquês-Saldanha890m Saldanha-Entrecampos1550m Entrecampos-Campo Grande1330m TOTAL7240m Campo Grande- Entrecampos1300m Entrecampos- Saldanha1570m Saldanha- Marquês890m Marquês Rossio1870m Rossio- C. Sodré1310m TOTAL6940m S.A.E.I.P. 1

13. CT 24 Gate under observation 660 cars/h 30% Av. Liberdade 880 cars/h 40% Av. Fontes P. Melo Av. Joaquim A. Aguiar 2.200 cars/h

14. Cars/hour vs. Bus speed September, 16, 2002

15. Speed as a function of in-flow rate

16. THE EXPERIMENT

17. February, 11, 2003 – no action

18. February, 12, 2003 – mild action 200 100 Veic./5mm 5,5 % 12/02/03 Forced

19. February, 13, 2003 – stronger action 18,3 % 200 100 Veic./5mm 13/02/03 Forced

20. Campo Grande – Cais do Sodré Vmin 15Km/h Vmin 36 % Vmin 13 %

21. Round trip Round trip Vmin=15km/h; delay=1,86 min/km Vmin 17km/h (13%) ; delay reduction of 20% Vmin 19km/h (36%) ; delay reduction of 45,7 %

22. CONCLUSIONS

23. Closed Loop Control Individual Transport Public Transport Process Controller Desired Speed Measured Speed COMMAND SIGNAL

24. The done list Correlated individual transport flow with public transport speed; Contributed to understand the acceptable volume of individual transport; Demonstrated the validity of the study by conducting a real live experiment;

25. To do list All the gates and all the bus lines; Ways to regulate traffic: –Trough tolls –Through explicit regulation of traffic lights –Other In any case, always a political decision; Incidentally: –While this study was under way, Mayor decided to build a radial tunnel on the gate under study, thus increasing the ability of individual traffic to reach the heart of the city!!!

26. Acknowledgement This work was supported by Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia (ISR/IST pluriannual funding) through the POS_Conhecimento Program that includes FEDER funds.