1. © McGraw-Hill Theories of Personality Horney Chapter 6 © 2009 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

2. © McGraw-Hill Outline Overview of Psychoanalytic Social Theory Biography of Horney Introduction to Psychoanalytic Social Theory Basic Hostility and Basic Anxiety Compulsive Drives Intrapsychic Conflicts Cont’d

3. © McGraw-Hill Outline Feminine Psychology Psychotherapy Related Research Critique of Horney Concept of Humanity

4. © McGraw-Hill Overview of Psychoanalytic Social Theory Social and Cultural Conditions Largely Responsible for Shaping Personality When Needs Are Not Met in Childhood, Basic Hostility and Anxiety Arise Combat Basic Anxiety in Three Ways: –Moving toward people –Moving against people –Moving away from people

5. © McGraw-Hill Biography of Horney Born in Eilbek (near Hamburg) in 1885 Youngest of two children born to an older sea captain and his young wife Entered University of Freiburg in 1906 –One of the first women in Germany admitted to medical school, where she specialized in psychiatry Analyzed in 1910 by Karl Abraham, one of Freud’s close associates Published The Technique of Psychoanalytic Therapy in 1917

6. © McGraw-Hill Biography (cont’d) In 1932, Horney left Germany to become Associate Director on Chicago Psychoanalytic Institute Increasingly abandoned orthodox psychoanalysis in favor of a more socially oriented theory Published Neurosis and Human Growth in 1950 Founded her own clinic Died in New York in 1952

7. © McGraw-Hill Psychoanalytic Social Theory Horney and Freud Compared –Horney’s criticisms of Freud’s Theories 1.Orthodoxy leads to theoretical and clinical stagnation 2.Inaccurate views of feminine psychology 3.Should move beyond instinct and examine culture The Impact of Culture The Importance of Childhood Experiences

8. © McGraw-Hill Basic Hostility and Basic Anxiety Basic hostility –Arise when parents do not satisfy child’s needs for safety and satisfaction Basic anxiety –Repressed hostility leads to feelings of insecurity and apprehension

9. © McGraw-Hill Compulsive Drives Neurotics Repeat Same Unproductive Strategy Neurotic Needs –Attempts reduce basic anxiety –10 categories Neurotic Trends Are Attitudes Toward Self and Others, and Include –Moving toward people –Moving against people –Moving away from people

10. © McGraw-Hill Intrapsychic Conflicts Originate from Interpersonal Experiences The Idealized Self-Image Includes Three Aspects: –Neurotic search for glory –Neurotic claims –Neurotic pride Self-Hatred –Neurotic individuals dislike themselves because their real self does not match insatiable demands of their idealized view of self

11. © McGraw-Hill Feminine Psychology Psychological differences between men and women are due to culture and social expectations rather than to anatomy View of the Oedipus complex was that any sexual attraction or hostility of child to parent would be the result of learning and not biology –Found concept of “penis envy” untenable –If that existed, should also be “womb envy”

12. © McGraw-Hill Psychotherapy Therapy focused on development of self- realization through self-analysis Utilizes same techniques as Freud Successful when patients can assume responsibility for their psychological development Goal of Horneyian psychotherapy: –Help patients grow to self-realization –Give up their idealized self-image –Relinquish their neurotic search for glory –Change self-hatred to self-acceptance –Focus on love, mastery, and freedom

13. © McGraw-Hill Related Research The Neurotic Compulsion to Avoid the Negative –Robinson et al. (2007) While most research has had an understandable negative bias, recent research has been investigating some benefits of neuroticism: It is possible to be a “successful neurotic” in that neurotic skill at avoiding negative outcomes improves daily mood

14. © McGraw-Hill Critique of Horney Horney’s Theory Is: –Moderate on Internal Consistency and Parsimony –Low on Falsifiability, Generating Research, and Guiding Action –Very Low on Organizing Knowledge

15. © McGraw-Hill Concept of Humanity Free Choice over Determinism Optimism over Pessimism Social Influence over Biology Causality and Teleology, and Conscious and Unconscious Play Equal Roles Similarities over Uniqueness