1. ©Alistair Cockburn 2003-2005 Slide 1 Alistair Cockburn http://alistair.cockburn.us The Crystal Family of Methodologies for Software Development

2. ©Alistair Cockburn 2003-2005 Slide 2 History 1991 - 2004 1991: Alistair Cockburn (pronounced Co-burn) wanted to develop an effective software development methodology. He interviewed and studied project teams for 10 years. He found that “people-centric methodologies” do better than “process-centric” methodologies. He found that you must choose and tailor the methodology to the team and the assignment (cannot have 1 methodology design for all projects). 1994: “Orange” used on 45-person fixed-price project 1997: “Orange” published in Surviving OO Projects 1998: Family of methodologies the name “Crystal” 2004: “Crystal Clear” published as book

3. ©Alistair Cockburn 2003-2005 Slide 3 What were the most common characteristics of successful projects? People sit close together They communicate frequently and with good will The eliminate bureaucracy and let them design They get a real user directly involved They have good automated regression tests THey produce shippable functionality early and often A good methodology (family) must prioritize for these!

4. ©Alistair Cockburn 2003-2005 Slide 4 ‘Methodology’ is only the set of conventions people agree to follow -- it changes every few months! As the people on the team change, the conventions of the team change, also. As the project evolves from start to middle to end, the strategies and conventions change, also. The methodology of the team needs to change along with the situation. This is natural is we view the methodology only as the conventions the team uses, and nothing more! (Most people try to use ‘methodology’ as required development technique and also project management -- this is too much burden to place on a methodology)

5. ©Alistair Cockburn 2003-2005 Slide 5 Crystal is the lightest, least intrusive set of rules that puts a project in the safety zone. Crystal’s purpose: Keep people from hurting each other, keeping each other informed Crystal’s nature: A set of conventions that gets updated Crystal’s Philosophy:  People differ in working styles  Projects differ in needs  Software development is communication-intensive, experiment-based, needing lots of feedback in all directions  Less is generally better (for methodologies)  Techniques / technologies change over time  People learn in class or on the job, not from the methodology

6. ©Alistair Cockburn 2003-2005 Slide 6 ClearYellowOrangeRed Crystal is a family of methodologies because every project is slightly different and needs its own. Technologies change techniques. Cultures change norms. Distances change communication. Number of people involved Criticality (defects cause loss of...) Comfort (C) Essential money (E) Life (L) 1 - 6- 20- 40- 100- 200 C6C20C40C100C200 D6D20D40D100D200 E6E20E40E100E200 L6L20L40L100L200 Discretionary money (D)

7. ©Alistair Cockburn 2003-2005 Slide 7 Crystal is a family of methodologies with a common genetic code. 1 Cooperative Game Mindset: SD is a series of resource-limited cooperative games of communication and invention. 2 Methodology Design Priorities: Project safety Development efficiency Habitability (tolerates humans!) 3 Methodology Design Principles: (7 of them, including: face-to-face work, concurrent development, & different rules for different circumstances) 4 Project Properties: Frequent delivery Close communication Reflective Improvement 5 Techniques: Discretionary but with a starter set. 6 Sample Methodology Designs: Crystal Clear Crystal Orange Crystal Orange-web

8. ©Alistair Cockburn 2003-2005 Slide 8 1: Crystal’s Mindset “Software development is a (resource-limited) finite, goal-seeking cooperative game of invention and communication.”

9. ©Alistair Cockburn 2003-2005 Slide 9 Infinite Organization Survival Career Management A finite, goal-directed(resource-limited!) cooperative game Competitive Cooperative Finite w/ no fixed end Jazz music King-of-the-hill wrestling Finite & goal-directed Tennis Software Developmen t Chess Rock-Climbing Games Poker

10. ©Alistair Cockburn 2003-2005 Slide 10 The game has a primary and secondary goal: Two Games in One ! Primary Goal  Deliver working software.  (Mess up the first goal => no software. Secondary Goal  Set up for the next game.  Mess up the secondary goal => disadvantaged next project

11. ©Alistair Cockburn 2003-2005 Slide 11 Plan-driven sweet spot Time and Effort Invested in Plans Damage from over/underplanning The “correct” mix of planning vs. agility depends on the individual project’s risk exposure. from “Get Ready for Agile Methods – With Care” (Barry Boehm, IEEE Computer, January 2001) Agile sweet spot

12. ©Alistair Cockburn 2003-2005 Slide 12 2: Crystal’s Design Priorities Project Safety Development Efficiency Process Habitability

13. ©Alistair Cockburn 2003-2005 Slide 13 Richness (“temperature”) of communication channel “cold”“hot” Communication Effectiveness 2 people at whiteboard 2 people on phone 2 people on email Videotape Paper Audiotape (No Question-Answer) (Question-and-Answer) 3: Crystal’s Design Principles

14. ©Alistair Cockburn 2003-2005 Slide 14 Seven principles for methodology design 1. Prefer face-to-face communication  Interactive face-to-face communication is the cheapest and fastest channel for exchanging information 2. Methodology weight is costly 3. Use heavier methodologies for larger / distributed teams 4. Use More ceremony for more criticality 5. Use more feedback & communications, with fewer intermediate deliverables 6. Discipline, skills, understanding counter process, formality, documentation 7. Efficiency is expendable at non-bottleneck activities.

15. ©Alistair Cockburn 2003-2005 Slide 15 Agile processes are easy to describe understand as nested cycles of different durations. Project Episode Integration Day/Week Iteration Delivery

16. ©Alistair Cockburn 2003-2005 Slide 16 To understand Crystal (or any agile process), describe each cycle independently. Project Delivery Iteration Iterations Day/Week Integration Day/Week Integrations Days Integrations EpisodesEpisode Episodes Integrations Episodes

17. ©Alistair Cockburn 2003-2005 Slide 17 The activities of any one day may belong to different cycles ProjectIterationDay Integration Episode Charter Plan Daily standup Design & Check-in Build and test Design & Check-in Build and test Daily standup Design & Check-in Build and test Design & Check-in Design & Check-in Build and test Deliver Reflect and celebrate Plan (etc.) Wrapup

18. ©Alistair Cockburn 2003-2005 Slide 18 4: Crystal’s Project Properties Frequent Delivery Osmotic Communication Reflective Improvement Personal Safety Focus Easy Access to Expert Users Technical Environment with - Frequent integration - Automated testing - Configuration management

19. ©Alistair Cockburn 2003-2005 Slide 19 5: Crystal’s Starter Strategies & Techniques Methodology Shaping Reflection Workshop Blitz Planning Delphi Estimation Daily Stand-ups Agile Interaction Design Process Miniature Side-by-Side Programming Burn Charts Exploratory 360° Early Victory Walking Skeleton Incremental Rearchitecture Information Radiators

20. ©Alistair Cockburn 2003-2005 Slide 20 Critical technique in Crystal: The reflection workshop each month or iteration. Hang a 2-column flipchart Fill in the chart (30 minutes) Hang the chart in a public, visible, frequently seen place ! Try the ideas Repeat each month or after each iteration

21. ©Alistair Cockburn 2003-2005 Slide 21 6: Crystal Sample MethodologyDesigns Crystal OrangeCrystal Orange/webCrystal Clear

22. ©Alistair Cockburn 2003-2005 Slide 22 Crystal Orange : scope For D40 projects: Up to 40 people, same building Loss of discretionary moneys (May extend to E50) Not for very large projects (insufficient subteaming) Not for life-critical projects (insufficient verification) (Described in Surviving OO Projects, Cockburn, 1998, pp. 77-93) Amber C6C20C40 C80 D6D20D40 D80 E6E20E40 E80 L6L20L40 L80

23. ©Alistair Cockburn 2003-2005 Slide 23 Crystal Orange roles & teams for 45 people Roles: Sponsor, Business expert, Usage expert, Technical facilitator, Business analyst/designer, Project Manager, Architect, Lead designer/programmer, Designer/programmer, UI designer, Design Mentor, Reuse Point, Writer, Tester Teams: System planning, Project monitoring, Architecture, Technology, Functions, Infrastructure, External test.

24. ©Alistair Cockburn 2003-2005 Slide 24 C6 C10 D6D10 E6E10 Crystal Clear : scope For D6 projects: 3-6 people, close or in same room Loss of discretionary moneys (may extend to: E8 project) Not for large projects (insufficient group coordination) Not for life-critical projects (insufficient verification) (Described in Crystal Clear, Cockburn, 2004 also in Agile Software Development, Cockburn 2002)

25. ©Alistair Cockburn 2003-2005 Slide 25 Crystal Clear roles & teams for 3-8 people Required Roles: sponsor, senior designer, designer/programmer, user (part-time) Combined Roles: coordinator, business expert, requirements gatherer Teams: single team of designer- programmers Seating: single big room, or adjacent offices

26. ©Alistair Cockburn 2003-2005 Slide 26 Getting started with Crystal Clear

27. ©Alistair Cockburn 2003-2005 Slide 27 Select the frequency of delivery, the length of the iteration and integration cycles. Project: any length Delivery: every two months Delivery Iteration: two weeks Iteration Iterations Week Integration: daily Week Integrations Days Integrations EpisodesEpisode Episodes Integrations Episodes

28. ©Alistair Cockburn 2003-2005 Slide 28 Must Do These ! 1. Frequent Delivery : every month or two 2. Osmotic Communication : sit next to each other 3. Reflective Improvement : do reflection workshop monthly Focus on the first 3 properties

29. ©Alistair Cockburn 2003-2005 Slide 29 Add these as you can ! 4. Personal Safety : speak freely without fear of punishment 5. Focus : Know what is most critical, have time to work on it 6. Easy Access to Expert Users 7. Technical Environment with - Frequent integration : hourly, daily, 3 / week - Automated testing : unit tests, acceptance tests - Configuration management : check-in, versioning Simply start work, and stay in good-humored communication with with your teammates !

30. ©Alistair Cockburn 2003-2005 Slide 30 Hold a reflection workshop one day and each month or iteration after that.

31. ©Alistair Cockburn 2003-2005 Slide 31 Crystal is a genetic code for shaping your working conventions to your projec, always agile, focused on frequent delivery, close communication, and reflection. Crystal Clear is the lightest of the Crystal family, for 3-8 people working at the same location. http://Alistair.Cockburn.us Crystal is the lightest, least intrusive, success-oriented methodology.