1. Statistical Process Control Using ColorMetrix (.mdb) and Minitab for Windows (.mtw) Presented by Howard Nelson, Ed.D ColorMetrix 4th Annual User Group Meeting August 8-10, 2004 Las Vegas, Nevada

2. Minitab Build 13 (MTBWIN)

3. The Printing Industry Cycle of Despair What do you see as the biggest problem with consistency in your plants??? Pressrun high and low data points fall outside of aimpoints Makeovers and reruns

4. Numerical Naiveté We’ve all been taught that 2+2 = 4 Nature is a process that has a cycle Temperature and Precipitation 2+2 = 4 in pure math, but in nature, 2 +2 = x4

5. Everything is a Process Printing job cycle –Process the order info Estimate Production schedule –Prepress Images from many sources Composite layout image RIP /proof Plates

6. Pressrun –Material logistics Ink, Paper Plates, blankets, information –Makeready Register Run-up to density Approval

7. –The pressrun Count Quality –Finishing Folding Binding or Filling Traffic and shipping

8. Processes Can Be Measured Usually, any process can be measured at many points or stages of input If you can make a measurement, you can turn that measurement into data The difficulty is in turning that data into information you can understand and act on –Critical task: separating info from noise

9. Any Process That Can Be Measured Can Be Improved There are three ways we can make our process look more consistent –Shift the aim-point –Reduce variation in the process Special-cause variation Common-cause variation –Change the mathematically-determined specifications

10. Step 1: Workflow Analysis Do a three-level workflow analysis to understand where to start looking for trouble Steering committee? –Made up from all levels of stakeholders at the company

11. 3-level Workflow Analysis Level 1: Count failure occurrences (by cost centers?) –“Where is the problem and what does it seem due to?” Level 2: Determine if there are any “Ripe Fruit” problems by collecting enough data to identify it Level 3: Address chronic process inconsistency

12. Step 2: Process Mapping Chart your workflow (Plan for several drafts) –Identify each process input point –Describe the kind of data that can be collected at each of these points –List suppliers and customers for each point –Map backwards from the error point

13. Generic Process Map Map the Process –Define the Scope –Understand the Process Steps Measure Process Output –Create a Sampling Plan –Collect Data on the Process Describe the Process –Numerically and Graphically Summarize the Process Assess the Measurement Process –Determine Stability, Precision, Bias and Linearity –Take Required Improvement Action Assess Process Stability –Create a Process Behavior Chart –Identify and Remove Special Causes of Variation if Needed Assess and Understand Process Capability –Determine the Ability of the Process to Meet Requirements –Understand the How the Inputs Effect the Outputs –Take Required Improvement Action Establish and Implement Process Controls The Improvement Process Map the Process Measure & Describe the Process Assess the Measurement System Improve the Measurement System Is Measurement System Capable? Assess Process Stability Is Process Stable? Identify & Remove Special Causes Assess & Understand Process Capability Reduce Common Causes Is Process Capable? Create & Implement Control Plan ($$$$) No Yes No Yes No Yes Strategy: Assess then Improve

14. Collect the Data Example: on a hand-operated press, how do we get consistent product? Factors –Pantone 032 –Coated paper –Spectrophotometer Number of Remakes (caused by the failures) –Remake % Rate? Try to collect at least 30 data points

15. ColorMetrix Density Graph

16. ColorMetrix Trending

17. Transfer the Data to Minitab Step-by-step procedure to export data base to MTW –Step 1: Quit all ColorMetrix Applications –Step 2: Locate the ColorMetrix.mdb database, usually found in C:\program files\colormetrix\colormetrix.mdb

18. Step by Step, Continued –Step 3: Open the database using Microsoft Access

19. Step by Step, Continued –Step 4: Locate the table that contains the data needed. (In our example, the magenta data base is the file that contains the data we need for Minitab)

20. Step by Step, Continued –Step 5: Scroll to, select and copy the data needed for Minitab

21. Step by Step, Continued –Step 6: Open Minitab and paste the data into a new Minitab worksheet –Step 7: Clean up the worksheet by deleting the unnecessary columns from Colormetrix database

22. To Baseline Your Process… Measure Performance Analyze Performance Improve Performance Control Performance Is the Process Predictable? Can We Measure the Process? Is the Process Capable?

23. Step 3: Conduct a Process Description Collect data to baseline or benchmark your process Find placement of the median, Find the spread of the data, x o Mean X Sigma X 1 Sigma X 2

24. Run Basic Statistics Display the Minitab worksheet Path = Stat > Basic Statistics > Display Descriptive Statistics

25. Basic Statistics Data needed: Mean & standard deviation for use in later functions x 6

26. Step 4: Search for Special Cause Variation Run data in Minitab’s I-MR function Path = Stat > Control Charts > I-MR

27. I-MR Chart Count the number of violations of the natural process limits

28. Step 5: Conduct the CAPA (Process Capability Analysis) Run data using the Process Capability tool Path = Stat > Quality Tools > Capability Analysis (Normal)

29. Process Stability Analysis The Cp index –Ratio of the spec limits to the width of the process –Cp > 2 means the process is stable –Cp = 1 or less means the process is unstable

30. Process Stability Analysis The Cpk index –Ratio of the process width to the spec width including centering of the spec on the process –Cpk > 1 means the process is capable of meeting spec –Cpk = 1 or less means the process is incapable of meeting spec

31. Step 6: Address Common Cause Variation There are 2 ways to reduce variation using process experiments OVAT (One Variable At a Time) –Move one variable at a time and collect data –Keep that up until all variables are exhausted –Good for problems that have 2 factors at 2 levels –Too slow if trying to integrate more factors

32. Design of Experiment- Factorial Analyzes up to 32 factors simultaneously Example: Compare the performances of Pantone 032 printing ink with variables in printing pressure, printing speed and ink roller loading

33. DOE-F Fast Speed Slow Speed Low Pressure High pressure High ink loading Low ink loading Record % Dot Gain at each factorial point

34. In this plan, the key is in the structure of columns 5, 6, and 7. DOE-F Control Plan

35. Printing pressure is changed randomly Press speed alternated every other run Ink roller loading is alternated every 4th run This combination assures that all combinations of factors are tested and data from each factorial is compared

36. DOE-F MTB Chart

37. Repeatability –Variation in the Measurement Instrument Reproducibility –Variation Under Different Conditions Stability –Total Variation over Time Accuracy (Bias) –Difference Between the Average of the Observed and the “True” Value Linearity –Difference in Bias in the Operating Range Definitions

38. The Measurement Systems Analysis We can’t assume that our measurement devices are accurate –If not accurate, that must be known –if uncorrectable, they must be improved The Measurement System is a Process –As a Process it Has Variation in its Output

39. The MSA Treats the measurement system itself as a source of variation in the process Test to determine the repeatability and reproducibility of measurement –Seeks to define variation in the process –Separates those variables from other variation in the process Defines the Difference Between the terms Accuracy and Precision

40. The Gage R&R The measurement system is comprised of: –The units being measured –The gauge or measuring instrument itself –Operators in the measurement process –The measuring methods

41. Accuracy vs Precision Precision (RR) –Describes Variation and Spread –The Extent to Which the Instrument Repeats its results when Making Repeat Measurements on the Same Unit of Output Accuracy (Bias) –Describes Average and Location Closeness to the True Value –The Extent to Which the Average of a Long Series of Repeat Measurements Made by the Instrument on a Single Unit of Output Differs from the True Value –Systematic Error: Contribution to the Total Error Comprised of all Sources of Variation that Tends to Offset Consistently the Results Precision and Accuracy are Independent of Each Other –Generally, Separate Actions are Required for Improvement True Value Average Bias RR True Value Average Bias RR True Value Average Bias RR Precise, but not Accurate Accurate, but not Precise Accurate, and Precise

42. Bias and Linearity Perform Bias and Linearity Calculations –Bias, or accuracy, is the difference between the average value of the measurements compared to a known standard –Linearity, or offset, determines if that bias exists to the same amount or value over the entire operating scale-range of the instrument

43. MSA Stability Analysis Determine whether the measurement system’s bias drifts over time Monitor the sample average and the average moving range over time Uses I-MR charts to monitor the stability of your measurement process Specifies the accuracy, repeatability and reproducibility of your measurement system

44. Ideas to Get You Started List what measures you routinely see Identify the measures you use from the list Pick three measures you actually use and plot them on a process behavior chart Ask yourself if you are collecting the right data Insist upon analyzing data within their context

45. Filter out the noise of routine variation before analyzing variation –Don’t try to explain noise in the system A process that is predictable is performing as consistently as possible right now Distinguish between the voice of the process and the voice of the customer Take action on assignable causes

46. Thanks ColorMetrix Technologies LLC –Jim Raffel –Mike Litscher –Mike Woods Flint Ink, Inc. –Jeff Gilbert –Craig Stone

47. At the End of Today ColorMetrix / Minitab Data Breakout Session –Interested in some hands-on?? –Mike Woods and Howard Nelson will host a breakout session for those who would like more info about data analysis