1. Introduction to Ultra WideBand Systems
Chia-Hsin Cheng

2. Outlines Introduction The history of UWB UWB Regulations (FCC Rules)
UWB signals
UWB in IEEE 802 Standards
The Application of UWB

3. Introduction
The world of ultra wideband (UWB) has changed dramatically in very recent history. In the past 20 years, UWB was used for radar, sensing, military communications and niche applications.
A substantial change occurred in February 2002, when the FCC (2002a,b) issued a ruling that UWB could be used for data communications as well as for radar and safety applications.
Recently, UWB technology has been focused on consumer electronics and communications.
Ideal targets for UWB systems are low power, low cost, high data rates, precise positioning capability and extremely low interference.

4. UWB Transmitter Defined
UWB transmitter signal BW:
Or, BW ³ 500 MHz regardless of fractional BW
fu-fl 2
³ 0.20
fu+fl
Where:
fu= upper 10 dB down point
fl = lower 10 dB down point
Source: US 47 CFR Part15 Ultra-Wideband Operations FCC Report and Order, 22 April 2002:

5. UWB: Large Fractional Bandwidth
CDMA: 1.288Mcps/1.8 GHz
0.07% bandwidth
one “chip”
UWB NB
6% bandwidth
20% bandwidth
Power Spectral Density (dB)
-80
-40
Frequency (GHz) 3 6 9 12 15
Random noise signal
100% bandwidth

6. Large Relative (and Absolute) Bandwidth
Narrowband (30kHz)
Part 15 Limit
( -41.3dBm/Hz )
Wideband CDMA (5 MHz)
UWB (Several GHz)
Frequency
UWB is a form of extremely wide spread spectrum where RF energy is spread over gigahertz of spectrum
Wider than any narrowband system by orders of magnitude
Power seen by a narrowband system is a fraction of the total
UWB signals can be designed to look like imperceptible random noise to conventional radios

7. Why is Ultra Wideband So Effective?
Shannon showed that the system capacity, C, of a channel perturbed by AWGN ---
Where:
C = Max Channel Capacity (bits/sec)
B = Channel Bandwidth (Hz)
S = Signal Power (watts)
N = Noise Power (watts)
Capacity per channel (bps) µ B
Capacity per channel (bps) µ log(1+S/N)
Increase B
Increase S/N, use higher order modulation
Increase number of channels using spatial separation
(e.g., MIMO)

8. Throughput Low Power UWB Comparable to High Power Wireless Systems
UWB throughput between a and b

9. UWB Properties Extremely difficult to detect by unintended users
Highly Secured
Non-interfering to other communication systems
It appears like noise for other systems
Both Line of Sight and non-Line of Sight operation
Can pass through walls and doors
High multipath immunity
Common architecture for communications, radar & positioning (software re-definable)
Low cost, low power, nearly all-digital and single chip architecture

10. Outlines Introduction The history of UWB UWB Regulations (FCC Rules)
UWB signals
UWB in IEEE 802 Standards
The Application of UWB

11. The history of UWB Technology
Before 1900: Wireless Began as UWB
Large RF bandwidths, but did not take advantage of large spreading gain
s: Wireless goes ‘tuned’
Analog processing: filters, resonators
‘Separation of services by wavelength’
Era of wireless telephony begins: AM / SSB / FM
Commercial broadcasting matures, radar and signal processing
s: Digital techniques applied to UWB
Wide band impulse radar
Allows for realization of the HUGE available spreading gain
Now: UWB approved by FCC for commercialization
For further details, refer to ref.[1]

12. What UWB is Today 7,500 MHz available spectrum for unlicensed use
US operating frequency: 3,100 – 10,600 MHz
Emission limit: -41.3dBm/MHz EIRP
Indoor and handheld systems
Other restrictions and measurement procedures in Report and Order
UWB transmitter defined as having the lesser of
Fractional bandwidth greater than 20%
Occupies more than 500 MHz
UWB is NOT defined in terms of
Modulation
or Carrierless
or Impulse radio

13. Outlines Introduction The history of UWB UWB Regulations (FCC Rules)
UWB signals
UWB in IEEE 802 Standards
The Application of UWB

14. Summary of the FCC Rules
Significant protection provided for sensitive systems
GPS, Federal aviation systems, etc.
Lowest emission limits ever by FCC
Incorporates NTIA (National Telecomm. and Info. Administration) recommendations
Allows UWB technology to coexist with existing radio services without causing interference
FCC opened up new spectrum for UWB transmissions
One of the bands is from 3.1GHz to 10.6GHz
Maximum power emission limit is dBm/MHz

15. FCC UWB Device Classifications
Report and Order authorizes 5 classes of devices with different limits for each:
Imaging Systems
Ground penetrating radars, wall imaging, medical imaging
Thru-wall Imaging & Surveillance Systems
Communication and Measurement Systems
Indoor Systems
Hand-held Systems
Vehicular Radar Systems
collision avoidance, improved airbag activation, suspension systems, etc.

16. FCC First Report and Order Authorizes Five Types of Devices
Class / Application
Frequency Band for Operation at Part 15 Limits
User Limitations
Communications and Measurement Systems
3.1 to 10.6 GHz
(different “out-of-band” emission limits for indoor and hand-held devices) No
Imaging: Ground Penetrating Radar, Wall, Medical Imaging
<960 MHz or 3.1 to 10.6 GHz
Yes
Imaging: Through-wall
<960 MHz or 1.99 to 10.6 GHz
Imaging: Surveillance
1.99 to 10.6 GHz
Vehicular
22 to 29 GHz

17. UWB Emission Limits for GPRs, Wall Imaging, & Medical Imaging Systems
0.96
1.61
1.99
3.1
10.6
GPS Band
Operation is limited to law enforcement, fire and rescue organizations, scientific research institutions, commercial mining companies, and construction companies.
Source:

18. UWB Emission Limits for Thru-wall Imaging & Surveillance Systems
0.96
1.61
1.99
10.6
GPS Band
Operation is limited to law enforcement, fire and rescue organizations.
Surveillance systems may also be operated by public utilities and industrial entities.
Source:

19. UWB Emission Limit for Indoor Systems
0.96
1.61
1.99
3.1
10.6
GPS Band
Source:

20. Proposed UWB Emission Limit for “Outdoor” Systems
0.96
1.61
1.99
3.1
10.6
GPS Band
Proposed in preliminary Report and Order,
Feb. 14, 2002.
Source:

21. Actual UWB Emission Limit for Hand-held Systems
0.01
0.1 1 10
100
-80
-70
-60
-50
Frequency, GHz
-40
EIRP, dBm/MHz
UWB Band-width must be contained here
First Report and Order, April 22, 2002.

22. Outlines Introduction The history of UWB UWB Regulations (FCC Rules)
UWB signals
UWB in IEEE 802 Standards
The Application of UWB

23. UWB Signals Monocycle Shapes for UWB Data Modulation
Modulation Schemes

24. Monocycle Shapes for UWB
Monocycle shapes will affect the performance
Listed monocycles’ duration is 0.5ns
Gaussian pulse
Gaussian Monocycle
Scholtz’s Monocycle
Manchester Monocycle
RZ- Manchester Monocycle
Sine Monocycle
Rectangle Monocycle
For further details, refer to ref.[4]

25. Monocycle Shapes for UWB (cont.)
Gaussian Pulse

26. Monocycle Shapes for UWB (cont.)
Gaussian monocycle
Similar to the first derivative of Gaussian pulse

27. Monocycle Shapes for UWB (cont.)
Scholtz’s monocycle
Similar to the second derivative of Gaussian pulse

28. Monocycle Shapes for UWB (cont.)
Manchester Monocycle
It has amplitude A during half of the monocycle width and has amplitude –A during the other half.

29. Monocycle Shapes for UWB (cont.)
RZ- Manchester Monocycle
It has amplitude A and –A only a portion of each half monocycle width.

30. Monocycle Shapes for UWB (cont.)
Sine Monocycle
Just a period of sine wave

31. Monocycle Shapes for UWB (cont.)
Rectangle Monocycle
It has uniform amplitude A during the whole pulse width.

32. Data Modulation
A number of modulation schemes may be used with UWB systems. The potential modulation schemes include both orthogonal and antipodal schemes.
Pulse Position Modulation (PPM)
Pulse Amplitude Modulation (PAM)
On-Off Keying (OOK)
Bi-Phase Modulation (BPSK)

33. Modulation Schemes
Many different pulse generation techniques may be used to satisfy the requirements of an UWB signal.
The FCC requires that the fractional bandwidth is greater than 20 %, or that the bandwidth of the transmitted signal is more than 500MHz, whichever is less.
The most common UWB concepts
Time-hopping (TH) technique
Direct-Sequence (DS) technique
Multi-band (MB) technique

34. TH-UWB TH-PPM Str(t) Tc t Tf Ts : data symbol time 1. transmitting 0
pulse wtr(t)
Str(t) Tc t Tf
Ts : data symbol time

35. TH-UWB
TH-PPM
2 . transmitting 1 d d d d
Str(t) Tc t Tf Ts

36. DS-UWB
DS-UWB

37. Multiband UWB
Refer to OFDM course

38. Outlines Introduction The history of UWB UWB Regulations (FCC Rules)
UWB signals
UWB in IEEE 802 Standards
The Application of UWB

39. UWB in IEEE 802 Standards IEEE 802 Organization IEEE 802.15.3a

40. IEEE 802 Organization LAN/MAN Standards Committee (Wireless Areas)
WLAN™
IEEE
WPAN™
IEEE
WMAN™
IEEE
MBWA
IEEE
Regulatory TAG
IEEE
Coexistence TAG
IEEE
“Bluetooth”
“High Data Rate” MAC & 2.4 GHz PHY
Task Group 3a
Alt PHY (UWB)
Coexistence
“Zigbee” 2.4 GHz
Study Group 4a
(UWB?)
Mini-Glossary: WLAN-wireless Local Area Network; MAN-Metropolitan Area Network; TAG-Technical Advisory Group;-MBWA-Mobile Broadband Wireless Access
Based on: “Overview of and 3a,” R. F. Heile, Workshop on Current Developments in UWB, Institute for Infocomm Research, Singapore

41. IEEE Project 802 Local and Metropolitan Area Network Standards Committee
Accredited by ANSI, Sponsored by IEEE Computer Society
Ethernet, Token Ring, Wireless, Cable Modem Standards
Bridging, VLAN, Security Standards
Meets three times per year ( individuals, 15% non-US)
Develops equivalent IEC/ISO JTC 1 standards
JTC 1 series of equivalent standards are ISO 8802-nnn
IEEE URLs
802

42. Standards : Range and Data Rate

43. Candidate UWB Systems

44. 802.15.3a – high data rate WPAN standard
Direct sequence (DS-UWB)
Championed by Motorola/XtremeSpectrum
Classic UWB, simple pulses,
2 frequency bands: GHz, GHz
CDMA has been proposed at the encoding layer
Spectrum dependent on the shaping filter – possible differing devices worldwide
Multiband Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (MB-OFDM)
Intel/TI/many others
Similar in nature to a/g
MHz bands (simplest devices need to support 3 lowest bands, 3.1GHz – 4.7 GHz)
Spectrum shaping flexibility for international use

45. Detail of DS-CDMA Candidate for 802.15.3a
Multi-band DS-CDMA Physical Layer Proposal
Summary from IEEE document a-Merger-2-CFP-Presentation.ppt

46. 3 Spectral Modes of Operation
Two Band
DS-CDMA
Low Band
High Band 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
Low Band (3.1 to 5.15 GHz)
25 Mbps to 450 Mbps
High Band (5.825 to 10.6 GHz)
25 Mbps to 900 Mbps
Multi-Band
3 Spectral Modes of Operation
With an appropriate diplexer, the multi-band mode will support full-duplex operation (RX in one band while TX in the other) 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
Multi-Band (3.1 to 5.15 GHz plus GHz to 10.6 GHz)
Up to 1.35 Gbps

47. Joint Time Frequency Wavelet Family
Example
Duplex Wavelet
Mid
Wavelet
Long Wavelet 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
-40
-35
-30
-25
-20
-15
-10 -5
GHz dB -1 1
-0.5
0.5

48. Spectral Flexibility and Scalability
PHY Proposal accommodates alternate spectral allocations
Center frequency and bandwidth are adjustable
Supports future spectral allocations
Maintains UWB advantages (i.e. wide bandwidth for multipath resolution)
No changes to silicon
Example 2: Support for hypothetical “above 6 GHz” UWB definition
Example 1: Modified Low Band to include protection for GHz WLAN Band 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
Note 1: Reference doc IEEE /211 3 4 5 6 3 4 5 6

49. Detail of OFDM Candidate for 802.15.3a
Multi-band OFDM Physical Layer Proposal
Summary from IEEE document 03267r1P802-15_TG3a-Multi-band-OFDM-CFP-Presentation.ppt

50. Overview of Multi-band OFDM
Basic idea: divide spectrum into several 528 MHz bands.
Information is transmitted using OFDM modulation on each band.
OFDM carriers are efficiently generated using an 128-point IFFT/FFT.
Internal precision is reduced by limiting the constellation size to QPSK.
Information bits are interleaved across all bands to exploit frequency diversity and provide robustness against multi-path and interference.
60.6 ns cyclic prefix provides robustness against multi-path even in the worst channel environments.
9.5 ns guard interval provides sufficient time for switching between bands.

51. Multi-band OFDM: TX Architecture
Block diagram of an example TX architecture:
Architecture is similar to that of a conventional and proven OFDM system. Can leverage existing OFDM solutions for the development of the Multi-band OFDM physical layer.
For a given superframe, the time-frequency code is specified in the beacon by the PNC (PicoNet Controller). The time-frequency code is changed from one superframe to another in order to randomize multi-piconet interference.

52. Band Plan Group the 528 MHz bands into 4 distinct groups
Group A: Intended for 1st generation devices (3.1 – 4.9 GHz)
Group B: Reserved for future use (4.9 – 6.0 GHz)
Group C: Intended for devices with improved SOP performance (6.0 – 8.1 GHz)
Group D: Reserved for future use (8.1 – 10.6 GHz)

53. 802.15.4a – alternate PHY for 802.15.4 Addresses the following
Globally deployable
Compatible / interoperable with
Longer range
Higher reliability
Ranging/localization support
Lower latency & support for mobility
Low cost
Current UWB systems not quite suitable
90 nm CMOS is expensive, 200 mW is a lot of power
Still in early stages
Proposals due Jan. 2005!
DS-UWB a major contender (Motorola)
Chirp Spread Spectrum another cool tech (Nanotron)
Many axes for diversity: Basic tech (2.4 v. UWB), ranging (UWB v. CSS v. Phase-based ranging), pulse shapes, channel arbitration (CSMA v. CDMA)

54. Outlines Introduction The history of UWB UWB Regulations (FCC Rules)
UWB signals
Standards of IEEE 802
The Application of UWB

55. The Application of UWB
Ultra-wideband is the contortionist of the wireless world – it is flexible enough to work in many different ways while still maintaining its character.
These applications are distributed amongst three categories:
Communications and sensors
Position location and tracking
Radar

56. The Application of UWB Source: doc.: IEEE 802.15-01/036r0
Single and multi-family dwelling residents who have at least one of the following configurations in their dwellings:
Remote control for:
Multimedia PC with interactive gaming options
Consumer devices like,TV (w internet access), Home Theatre, video gaming console, DVD player, STB, DVCR, Home Stereo, TiVo
Interconnectivity between devices (Tomoguchis, Gameboys, etc.)
Home security, home automation or HVAC systems (sensors, control units)
Illumination control (light switches, spot light control)
Small Office/Home Office (SOHO) control of:
multimedia presentations
conference rooms
training rooms
automation or control functions
Industry applications for control and surveillance
Healthcare industry for monitoring and wearable sensors, patient monitoring
Source: doc.: IEEE /036r0

57. Source: Walter Hirt, Dennis L
Source: Walter Hirt, Dennis L. Moeller, "The Global View of a Wireless System Integrator," International Symposium on Advanced Radio Technologies (ISART), Boulder, CO, USA, 4-6 March 2002

58. 3G and beyond 4G
POTENTIAL FOR UWB

59. Potential Application Scenarios
Intelligent Wireless
Area Network (IWAN) ►
Wireless Body Area
Network (WBAN) ▼ ▲
Hot-spot Wireless Personal
Area Network (WPAN)
Sensor, Positioning, and
Identification Network (SPIN) ▼
Outdoor Peer-to-Peer
Networking (OPPN) ◄

60. UWB Consumer Applications
Freescale Semi.
Home Entertainment
Mobile Devices
Computing
Automotive

61. Entertainment Applications
Connect between sources and displays
Drivers are wire elimination for install and freedom of component placement
Requirements
Bandwidth
Each MPEG2 HD Stream Mbps
Two full rate streams required for PIP
Handheld can be used for PIP viewing or channel surfing (SD stream)
Range
Media center to display or handheld
Anywhere in the room (<10m)
QoS with low latency
Channel change, typing, gamers
Available Now: both SD and HD

62. Content Transfer: Mobile Devices
Applications
Smartphone/PDA, MP3, DSC
Media Player, Storage, display
Requirements
Mobile device storage sizes
Flash 5, 32, 512, 2048 … MB
HD 4, …, 60+ GB
Range is near device (< 2m)
User requires xfer time < 10s
Low Power Use Cases
Images from camera to storage/network
MP3 titles to music player
Low Power & High Data Rate Use
Exchange your music & data
MPEG4 movie (512 MB) to player
Print from handheld
Mount portable HD

63. Stream DV or MPEG DS-UWB is just a shift register
Content Streaming
Use Cases
Applications
Digital video camcorder (DVC)
Smartphone/PDS, Media player
Requirements
Range is in view of display (< 5m)
DV Format 30 Mbps with QoS
MPEG 2 at 12-20Mbps
Power budget < 500 mW
Stream DV or MPEG DS-UWB is just a shift register
Stream presentation from Smartphone/PDA to projector
Channel surf and PIP
to handheld

64. References
[1] K. Siwiak and D. McKeown, Ultra-Wideband Radio Technology, Wiley: UK, 2004.
[2] Mohammad Ghavami, Lachlan Michael, Ryuji Kohno. Ultra-Wideband Signals and Systems in Communication Engineering, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, 2004.
[3]M.-G. Di Benedetto and G. Giancola, Understanding Ultra Wide Band radio Fundamentals, Prentice Hall, 2004.
Ian Oppermann. UWB: Theory and Applications. John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., 2005.
[4] Xiaomin Chen and Sayfe Kiaei, "Monocycle Shapes for Ultra Wideband System,“ IEEE International Symposium on Circuits and Systems, vol. 1, pp , May 2002.