1. Embedded Systems
Normal everyday items contain computer chips, complete with CPU, memory, programs
Television, Entt. Center, Automobiles, Irrigation,
MP3, cell phones, GPS,
microwave, home alarms, thermostats,
network routers, game consoles
Special purpose machines contain computers
Manufacturing, metering, sensing,
ATM machines, kiosks
Medical Instruments, Aircraft, Satellites,
Need to know:
Hardware
Software

2. IMPACT $45 billion market in 2004, rising to $88 billion in 2009
Many more embedded processors per person, than general purpose processors
A cell phone may have separate processors
Value of embedded electronics in Automobiles: 25% of total cost, to rise to 35% by 2015
Embedded market is 50 times the desktop market
Application Domains:
Automotive, Avionics, Industrial Automation, Telecommunication, Consumer Electronics, Medical, IT hardware
Cutting edge:
Multicore processors, Network on Chip, System on chip (e.g. the iPhone, PS-3)

3. Embedded Systems A “special purpose” unit
e.g. simple cell phone (it does not run MS-Word)
Has a CPU, memory and programs that control mainly physical things
The program is preinstalled and cannot be changed easily
Has limited processing power and limited electrical power and limited data storage
Has “intelligence”
Can be configured, personalized, “programmed”
Need to know:
Computer Architecture

4. Schematic Output device (screen) Memory program CPU Input device
(keyboard)
Sensors to measure physical values
Actuators to control physical things
bus
Permanent Memory
Need to know:
Digital Logic, Electrical Circuits, Computer Architecture

5. The Seven Segment Display
Display Controller
Counter
Clock
0000
0001
0010
0011
0100
…..

6. DSL Router
5. JTAG (Joint Test Action Group) test and programming port. 6. RAM, a single ESMT M12L64164A 8 MB chip. 7. Flash memory, obscured by sticker. 8. Power supply regulator. 9. Main power supply fuse. 10. Power connector. 11. Reset button. 12. Quartz crystal. 13. Ethernet port. 14. Ethernet transformer, Delta LF KS8721B Ethernet PHY transmitter receiver. 16. USB port. 17. Telephone (RJ11) port. 18. Telephone connector fuses.
Netgear DG632 ADSL Modem/router. 1. Telephone decoupling electronics (for ADSL). 2. Multicolor LED (displaying network status). 3. Single color LED (displaying USB status). 4. Main processor, a TNETD7300GDU, a member of Texas Instruments' AR7 product line.

7. MP3 player Large “flash” memory to store songs
Songs (audio) stored in digital form, then compressed to a set of numbers that are of the “MP3” format
CPU runs program in main memory
Decompresses audio and generates “raw digital audio”
Gets user input from button
Displays information on screen
Digital-Analog converter generates audible sound waves and sends to speaker/headphones
Need to know:
Software Algorithms, Device Drivers and programming

8. GPS Navigator Complex system with many components
GPS Radio
GPS signal processor
Map database
Processor to control display and compute routes, locations, points of interest
Video image processor to control actual screen
May contain several different CPUs in one package

9. GPS Radio
Receives data from several satellites, converts RF to digital signals
Separate for each satellite
A set of at least 24 Medium Earth Orbit satellites that transmit precise microwave signals,
A GPS receiver can determine its location, speed, direction, and time.
Radio
receiver
circuitry
Signals (digital) from each satellite on separate wires

10. GPS signal processor Correlates satellite signals
Computes timing differences
“triangulates” location
GPS data processor
Current location in latitude and longitude
Need to know:
Radio, Signal processing, Algorithms

11. GPS Navigator
The user interface – show location on map and provide useful other information
GPS Computer
Display Processor
MAP database
Touch Sensor
Need to know:
Computer Graphics, Graph Theory

12. Cell Phone (basic) Multi-channel Radio (transmit and receive)
Digital processor for CDMA or TDMA processing
GSM is TDMA – each person communicates in a pre-assigned slice of time on channel
CDMA is a complex code modulation method
Encryption/Decryption hardware
Channel and tower hopping
Transmit power control
Analog to digital to RF conversions
Display, phone book and other electronic functions
Need to know:
Radio Modulation, Digital Signal Processing

13. Automobile Computers Engine control computer Advanced diagnostics
Simplification of the manufacture and design of cars
Reduction of the amount of wiring in cars
New safety features
New comfort and convenience features
Need to know:
Control Systems, Electrical Circuits, Real Time Control

14. Engine Control Computer (ECU)
Read sensors (temp, pedal position, exhaust) and control fuel injector timing and spark timing
Control engine fan and other actuators
Handle the CAN (communication area networking) that is becoming common in cars.
Interface with climate and other passenger controls
Provide diagnostics
Need to know:
Real Time Operating Systems

15. Other computers in car
There are more processors in the car other than ECU
ABS system
Climate control
Cruise control
Radio
Dashboard
Automatic doors, lights and such
Cars also have networks for “simplified wiring” as well as automotive control networks.

16. Simplified Wiring OLD NEW Switches + signal encoders
Lamps + signal decoders
L A M P S
S WI T C H E S
One wire runs all over the vehicle and carries power and signal
Many connecting wires

17. Automobile Networking
As multiple computing units get into cars, a networking standard is being used
CAN 2.0 is predominant
Functions
Communicate between subsystems
Reduce wires
Multiplexing standard
Network addressing
“multiple networks” coming in the future
Need to know:
Computer Networking

18. Embedded Systems
There are more “embedded systems” in the world than regular computers
Explosive growth
Research directions:
Power management
“system on a chip”
“network on a chip”
Low resource but high impact computing
Intelligent coupling of small wireless devices
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