1. PROPHET OVERBOARD

2. JONAH Jonah was a prophet of God in the Northern Kingdom of Israel (2 Kings 14:25). He ministered for the Lord during the reign of Israel’s king Jeroboam II. Jonah’s ministry and message is dated around 780 to 760 B.C.; thus, he was an early “pre-exilic” prophet to the Northern Kingdom Jonah wrote to his proud and patriotic fellow- countrymen who were already under taxation by the notoriously evil Assyrian empire.

3. The name Jonah means, “ dove.” Jonah preached repentance… However, he actually hoped for the doom of Israel’s brutal enemies at Nineveh, capital of Assyria. Jonah, the son of Amittai (a prophet from Galilee in the northern kingdom of Israel) is the author. This is confirmed in Jonah 1:1, by the historical character of the book which names real persons and places, corroboration from another historical source (2 Kings 14:25), and the testimony of Jesus in the New Testament (Matthew 12:40).

4. NINEVAH was the capital of the great Assyrian empire sprawling to the north and east of Israel. Jonah wrote about Ninevah BUT the book is directed to the northern tribes of Israel.

5. The Cruelty of the Assyrians Assyrian artistic portrayals are replete with images of captives and opponents being skinned alive, blinded, impaled on sticks, and limbs, ears, etc. removed. This artwork depicts Ancient Assyrians blinding a captive

6. Why Was Jonah Written? The Historical Purpose: The Book of Jonah provides a strong rebuke to the proud patriotism of the Jews that blinded them, keeping them from seeing God’s love for the Gentiles. The Doctrinal Purpose: Jonah teaches the universality of God’s salvation, the need for obedience to God, the secret of true revival by repentance from sin, and the truth that “ salvation is of the Lord ” (Jonah 2:9, KJV). The Christological Purpose: The New Testament mentions Jonah as a type of Christ’s resurrection (Matthew 12:40). Through Jonah, Christ is pictured as a prophet to the nations, while in Jonah’s life He is shown as the Savior and Lord (Jonah 2:9).

7. Basic Outline of Jonah I.The Disobedient Prophet: Running Away From the Lord - Chapter 1 (Also, “The Request” and “The Reluctance” of Jonah) II.The Disciplined Prophet: Running Back to the Lord - Chapter 2 (Also, “The Repentance” of Jonah) III.The Dynamic Prophet: Running With the Lord – Chapter 3 (Also, “The Recommissioning” and “The Reception” of Jonah) IV.The Disappointed Prophet: Running Ahead of the Lord – Chapter 4 (Also, “The Reproof” of Jonah)

8. I.The Disobedient Prophet: Running Away From the Lord - Chapter 1 (Also, “The Request” and “The Reluctance” of Jonah) 1 Now the word of the L ORD came to Jonah the son of Amittai, saying, 2 “Arise, go to Nineveh, that great city, and cry out against it; for their wickedness has come up before Me.” 3 But Jonah arose to flee to Tarshish from the presence of the L ORD. He went down to Joppa, and found a ship going to Tarshish; so he paid the fare, and went down into it, to go with them to Tarshish from the presence of the L ORD. Jonah was called by God to proclaim Nineveh’s doom unless the city repented, BUT Jonah disobeyed and took a ship west to Tarshish (Spain).

9. 2,694 miles

10. I.The Disobedient Prophet: Running Away From the Lord - Chapter 1 (Also, “The Request” and “The Reluctance” of Jonah) 4 But the L ORD sent out a great wind on the sea, and there was a mighty tempest on the sea, so that the ship was about to be broken up. 5 Then the mariners were afraid; and every man cried out to his god, and threw the cargo that was in the ship into the sea, to lighten the load. But Jonah had gone down into the lowest parts of the ship, had lain down, and was fast asleep. 6 So the captain came to him, and said to him, “What do you mean, sleeper? Arise, call on your God; perhaps your God will consider us, so that we may not perish.” 7 And they said to one another, “Come, let us cast lots, that we may know for whose cause this trouble has come upon us.” So they cast lots, and the lot fell on Jonah. 8 Then they said to him, “Please tell us! For whose cause is this trouble upon us? What is your occupation? And where do you come from? What is your country? And of what people are you?” 9 So he said to them, “I am a Hebrew; and I fear the L ORD, the God of heaven, who made the sea and the dry land.”

11. I.The Disobedient Prophet: Running Away From the Lord - Chapter 1 (Also, “The Request” and “The Reluctance” of Jonah) 10 Then the men were exceedingly afraid, and said to him, “Why have you done this?” For the men knew that he fled from the presence of the L ORD, because he had told them. 11 Then they said to him, “What shall we do to you that the sea may be calm for us?”—for the sea was growing more tempestuous. 12 And he said to them, “Pick me up and throw me into the sea; then the sea will become calm for you. For I know that this great tempest is because of me.” 13 Nevertheless the men rowed hard to return to land, but they could not, for the sea continued to grow more tempestuous against them. 14 Therefore they cried out to the L ORD and said, “We pray, O L ORD, please do not let us perish for this man’s life, and do not charge us with innocent blood; for You, O L ORD, have done as it pleased You.” 15 So they picked up Jonah and threw him into the sea, and the sea ceased from its raging. 16 Then the men feared the L ORD exceedingly, and offered a sacrifice to the L ORD and took vows. 17 Now the L ORD had prepared a great fish to swallow Jonah. And Jonah was in the belly of the fish three days and three nights. God prepared a great fish to swallow Jonah in which the prophet spent three relentless days and nights. Jonah was in a “PREPARED fish” as an act of preservation (protection), not punishment.

12. II.The Disciplined Prophet: Running Back to the Lord - Chapter 2 (Also, “The Repentance” of Jonah) 2 Then Jonah prayed to the L ORD his God from the fish’s belly. 2 And he said: “I cried out to the L ORD because of my affliction, And He answered me. “Out of the belly of Sheol I cried, And You heard my voice. 3 For You cast me into the deep, Into the heart of the seas, And the floods surrounded me; All Your billows and Your waves passed over me. 4 Then I said, ‘I have been cast out of Your sight; Yet I will look again toward Your holy temple.’ 5 The waters surrounded me, even to my soul; The deep closed around me; Weeds were wrapped around my head. 6 I went down to the moorings of the mountains; The earth with its bars closed behind me forever; Yet You have brought up my life from the pit, O L ORD, my God. 7 “When my soul fainted within me, I remembered the L ORD ; And my prayer went up to You, Into Your holy temple. 8 “Those who regard worthless idols Forsake their own Mercy. 9 But I will sacrifice to You With the voice of thanksgiving; I will pay what I have vowed. Salvation is of the L ORD.” 10 So the L ORD spoke to the fish, and it vomited Jonah onto dry land. Recognizing the hand of God upon him, Jonah cried out to the Lord from the fish’s belly. God delivered him, causing the great fish to vomit Jonah out on dry land.

13. III.The Dynamic Prophet: Running With the Lord – Chapter 3 (Also, “The Recommissioning” and “The Reception” of Jonah) 3 Now the word of the L ORD came to Jonah the second time, saying, 2 “Arise, go to Nineveh, that great city, and preach to it the message that I tell you.” 3 So Jonah arose and went to Nineveh, according to the word of the L ORD. Now Nineveh was an exceedingly great city, a three-day journey in extent. 4 And Jonah began to enter the city on the first day’s walk. Then he cried out and said, “Yet forty days, and Nineveh shall be overthrown! ” 5 So the people of Nineveh believed God, proclaimed a fast, and put on sackcloth, from the greatest to the least of them. 6 Then word came to the king of Nineveh; and he arose from his throne and laid aside his robe, covered himself with sackcloth and sat in ashes. 7 And he caused it to be proclaimed and published throughout Nineveh by the decree of the king and his nobles, saying, Let neither man nor beast, herd nor flock, taste anything; do not let them eat, or drink water. 8 But let man and beast be covered with sackcloth, and cry mightily to God; yes, let every one turn from his evil way and from the violence that is in his hands. 9 Who can tell if God will turn and relent, and turn away from His fierce anger, so that we may not perish? 10 Then God saw their works, that they turned from their evil way; and God relented from the disaster that He had said He would bring upon them, and He did not do it.

14. Having learned the lesson of disobedience to God, the prophet was recommissioned to go to Nineveh and cry out against their wickedness. The repentance of Jonah was exceeded by the repentance of Nineveh. And God, seeing their contrition, repented of the judgment He would have executed on Nineveh and spared the city.

15. IV.The Disappointed Prophet: Running Ahead of the Lord – Chapter 4 (Also, “The Reproof” of Jonah) 4 But it displeased Jonah exceedingly, and he became angry. 2 So he prayed to the L ORD, and said, “Ah, L ORD, was not this what I said when I was still in my country? Therefore I fled previously to Tarshish; for I know that You are a gracious and merciful God, slow to anger and abundant in lovingkindness, One who relents from doing harm. 3 Therefore now, O L ORD, please take my life from me, for it is better for me to die than to live!” 4 Then the L ORD said, “Is it right for you to be angry?” 5 So Jonah went out of the city and sat on the east side of the city. There he made himself a shelter and sat under it in the shade, till he might see what would become of the city. 6 And the L ORD God prepared a plant and made it come up over Jonah, that it might be shade for his head to deliver him from his misery. So Jonah was very grateful for the plant. 7 But as morning dawned the next day God prepared a worm, and it so damaged the plant that it withered. 8 And it happened, when the sun arose, that God prepared a vehement east wind; and the sun beat on Jonah’s head, so that he grew faint. Then he wished death for himself, and said, “It is better for me to die than to live.” 9 Then God said to Jonah, “Is it right for you to be angry about the plant?” And he said, “It is right for me to be angry, even to death!” 10 But the L ORD said, “You have had pity on the plant for which you have not labored, nor made it grow, which came up in a night and perished in a night. 11 And should I not pity Nineveh, that great city, in which are more than one hundred and twenty thousand persons who cannot discern between their right hand and their left—and much livestock?”

16. The proud and patriotic Israelite prophet was disappointed that the evil enemies of Israel were not destroyed. But God tenderly taught the pouting prophet that He is gracious and forgiving, even to the Gentiles if they repent. God’s major concern, as He told Abraham (Genesis 12:3), is to bless the world, not to judge it. Jonah is furious that his prophecy did not come true.

17. Many Jews in the Bible times considered themselves to be not just the chosen people of God, but the ONLY people of God – the ones who worship Him, and the ONLY ones He cares about. BUT, as in the story of Ruth, a woman from Moab, the story of Jonah confirms that God cares about non-Jewish people as well. When God selected Abraham to become the father of the Jewish nation, God said “Everyone on earth will be blessed because of you” (Genesis 12:3). Later through the prophet Isaiah, God told the Jews, “I have placed you here as a light for other nations; you must take my saving power to everyone on earth” (Isaiah 49:6). And Paul, writing to Christians in Rome, said that if a person has faith in God it doesn’t matter if that person is a Jew or a Gentile. “There is only one Lord, and He is generous to everyone who asks for His help. All who call out to the Lord will be saved” (Romans 10:12-13).

18. MESSAGES FOR CHRISTIANS TODAY  The election of one nation is not the rejection of others. God deeply cares about everyone, and He is eager to show mercy to anyone genuinely sorry for the wrongs they’ve done. ANYONE.  God is gracious. The Word of God comes to us the second, third and fourth time, and on and on He deals with us. God does not give up on us. Philippians 1:6 – “being confident of this very thing, that He who has begun a good work in you will complete it until the day of Jesus Christ;”  “Arise – Go – Preach.” (Jonah 1:2 and 3:2)

19. Just as Jonah was a sign to the Ninevites, so shall the Son of Man be (Luke 11:29-30): Just as Jonah came out of the fish, after three days and three nights Jesus came out of the tomb. The Gospel was then taken to the Gentiles, just as Jonah was instructed.

20. Sometimes what God is doing in the world just doesn’t thrill us. Instead of being excited about what we sense God is up to, we feel threatened. We’d rather judge people than love them. We’d rather stay safe than reach out. God is always at work in the world, and is always inviting His people to join Him. It’s not easy to figure out what we need to do as faithful Christians when it comes to reaching out to the people around us. But, that is our call as His followers.

21. God wants us to understand and share his heart of grace and love. It was difficult for Jonah to align himself with God’s concern for Nineveh. Is there a Nineveh in your life? What is one practical thing you might do to show God’s love and grace to your “Nineveh?” Jonah’s message to Nineveh was incomplete but God still used it. How does this encourage you to share the message of God’s grace with others? Who in your life is God calling you to share the message with? What is holding you back?

22. Is there an area of your life right now that you’re going the wrong way? What’s keeping you from turning back to God? Willingness to yield requires a high degree of trust. What things are you struggling to trust God with? Are you currently in a battle of wills with God? Over what issue? What would it look like for you to yield?

23. For background on what life was like in Israel during Jonah’s day, read the Book of Amos. The two prophets ministered about the same time. For more about God’s concern for non-Jews, read Genesis 12:1-3; the Book of Ruth; Isaiah 42:6-7; Isaiah 49:6; and Romans 10-11. Philippians 1:6