Geomagnetic Measurements Workshop: DIflux: Absolute Measurement of the Geomagnetic Field orientation in Space prepared for the XIVth IAGA WORKSHOP ON.

Geomagnetic Measurements Workshop: DIflux: Absolute Measurement of the Geomagnetic Field orientation in Space prepared for the XIVth IAGA WORKSHOP ON GEOMAGNETIC OBSERVATORY INSTRUMENTS, DATA ACQUISITION AND PROCESSING September , by Jean RASSON Royal Meteorological Institute of Belgium XIVth IAGA WORKSHOP ON GEOMAGNETIC OBSERVATORY INSTRUMENTS, DATA ACQUISITION AND PROCESSING September , 2010

Magnetic Observations Basics The Diflux Concept Selected DIflux Topics
XIVth IAGA WORKSHOP ON GEOMAGNETIC OBSERVATORY INSTRUMENTS, DATA ACQUISITION AND PROCESSING September , 2010

Magnetic Observations Basics
Geomagnetic field Magnetic conditions in Observatory environment Instrumentation: Absolutes, Variometers The baseline concept XIVth IAGA WORKSHOP ON GEOMAGNETIC OBSERVATORY INSTRUMENTS, DATA ACQUISITION AND PROCESSING September , 2010

Geomagnetic field Components and coordinate systems
The Earth Geomagnetic Field is a vector field’ Frame of reference: Geographic North and direction of local gravity Sets of components used: XYZ, HDZ, FDI Components recorded: XYZ, HNHEZ, FHEV XIVth IAGA WORKSHOP ON GEOMAGNETIC OBSERVATORY INSTRUMENTS, DATA ACQUISITION AND PROCESSING September , 2010

Magnetic conditions in Observatory environment
The Magnetic Observatory is constructed so that: It is not situated on a local magnetic anomaly All buildings intended for magnetic measurements are non-magnetic XIVth IAGA WORKSHOP ON GEOMAGNETIC OBSERVATORY INSTRUMENTS, DATA ACQUISITION AND PROCESSING September , 2010

Magnetic conditions in Observatory environment
Only natural magnetic field is present Low magnetic spatial gradient Consequently: Magnetic field is highly homogeneous: magnetic field lines are parallel Magnetic field differences between pillars are small (ΔF ~ 1 nT) Magnetic field changes are supposed to be identical inside the Observatory space Additionally: Stable pillars Availability of targets with known azimuths Note: Over time, these conditions may degrade. Check them by performing absolutes on more than one pillar! XIVth IAGA WORKSHOP ON GEOMAGNETIC OBSERVATORY INSTRUMENTS, DATA ACQUISITION AND PROCESSING September , 2010

Instrumentation: Absolutes
Absolute instruments measure one or more components of the Geomagnetic Field in absolute units or the direction of the field with respect to geographic North and direction of gravity DIFlux Theodolite for measurement of the Declination angle D and Inclination angle I Proton Precession Magnetometer measures Total Field, F in nT. XIVth IAGA WORKSHOP ON GEOMAGNETIC OBSERVATORY INSTRUMENTS, DATA ACQUISITION AND PROCESSING September , 2010

Instrumentation: Variometers
A variometer measures the variation of the components of the magnetic field. The variometer measures the field from an unknown level called the baseline. XIVth IAGA WORKSHOP ON GEOMAGNETIC OBSERVATORY INSTRUMENTS, DATA ACQUISITION AND PROCESSING September , 2010

The Magnetic Observatory Baseline Concept
Fact: Absolute component instruments (Diflux) cannot yet measure continuously. (Total field instrument can) How to obtain a continuous Geomagnetic recording with absolute quality? Record the variation of the components about a value close to its mean: the baseline. This is done by the variometer Measure from time to time (*) the value of the baseline with an absolute instrument * ideally the baseline is a constant. Practically it changes slowly and barely over time XIVth IAGA WORKSHOP ON GEOMAGNETIC OBSERVATORY INSTRUMENTS, DATA ACQUISITION AND PROCESSING September , 2010

The Magnetic Observatory Baseline Concept
Exemple Take the measurements made at the same time: Absolute declination measurement D  Variometer measurement δD  defines the baseline D0 : D = D0 + δD Note 1: This equation can be written for any component Note 2: Variometer measurements dD and dI in nT are converted to angular units δD and δI by: XIVth IAGA WORKSHOP ON GEOMAGNETIC OBSERVATORY INSTRUMENTS, DATA ACQUISITION AND PROCESSING September , 2010

The DIflux concept for measuring the Geomagnetic Field Orientation
Introduction Theodolite basics Fluxgate basics Diflux measurement protocol Levelling of (Zeiss) Theodolite Geographic North: the reference in horizontal plane Precautions required for obtaining high accuracy XIVth IAGA WORKSHOP ON GEOMAGNETIC OBSERVATORY INSTRUMENTS, DATA ACQUISITION AND PROCESSING September , 2010

The DIflux Concept for measuring the Geomagnetic Field Orientation
DIflux is an instrument able to measure the value of the geomagnetic declination D and inclination I. The instrument consists of a non-magnetic theodolite and a fluxgate sensor mounted on the telescope, so that optical and magnetic axes are parallel. XIVth IAGA WORKSHOP ON GEOMAGNETIC OBSERVATORY INSTRUMENTS, DATA ACQUISITION AND PROCESSING September , 2010

The DIflux Concept Non-magnetic theodolites (are hard to find)

The DIflux Concept Fluxgate basics : A fluxgate sensor is very sensitive to its orientation with respect to magnetic field direction. The highest sensitivity is when sensor magnetic axis and magnetic field are almost ┴ (orthogonal = perpendicular = 2 axis form a 90° angle). XIVth IAGA WORKSHOP ON GEOMAGNETIC OBSERVATORY INSTRUMENTS, DATA ACQUISITION AND PROCESSING September , 2010

The DIflux Concept Determining a plane P ┴ to the geomagnetic vector is the same as measuring its direction (our task) The fluxgate sensor will give null reading when ┴ to geomagnetic vector So we can find the plane P ┴ to geomagnetic vector: two alignements of the sensor giving a null reading will define it Here are the 2 usual alignements inside P: We require the sensor to be horizontal : Declination measurement  We require the sensor to be in the geomagnetic meridian : Inclination measurement (top drawing) Note : this gives a total of 4 (D) + 4 (I) different positions XIVth IAGA WORKSHOP ON GEOMAGNETIC OBSERVATORY INSTRUMENTS, DATA ACQUISITION AND PROCESSING September , 2010

Use of Angle Units 005°07’35’’ Degrees, minute and seconds: Grades:
Most theodolite circles are divided in DMS. Grades: Some Zeiss theodolites circles are divided in grades Radian: Computation using software (Excel) and compilers 1 sec of arc = 1/ rad or 1 mm seen from 200 m distance 1 sec of arc movement of magnetic field direction ~ nT 1 sec of arc change of declination depends on value of H. XIVth IAGA WORKSHOP ON GEOMAGNETIC OBSERVATORY INSTRUMENTS, DATA ACQUISITION AND PROCESSING September , 2010

Levelling of (Zeiss) Theodolite: finding the reference in Vertical plane
Coarse levelling using circular bubble level Accurate levelling using two linear bubble levels For best levelling use automatic vertical index During normal D and I measurements accurate levelling is not necessary as the build-in vertical compensator can correct for minor tilt of the theodolite. A precise levelling however makes the measurements faster. During measurements with elevated telescope, where readings of both circles are needed (sun and star observations) extremely careful levelling is needed. XIVth IAGA WORKSHOP ON GEOMAGNETIC OBSERVATORY INSTRUMENTS, DATA ACQUISITION AND PROCESSING September , 2010

Geographic North: the reference in horizontal plane
The sequence for Declination measurement positions is as follows: Measurement of Azimuth mark sensor up Measurement of Azimuth mark sensor down D1 : Telescope horizontal towards E, sensor up Test NOW for magnetism of Observer D2 : Telescope horizontal towards W, sensor down D3 : Telescope horizontal towards E, sensor down D4 : Telescope horizontal towards W, sensor up XIVth IAGA WORKSHOP ON GEOMAGNETIC OBSERVATORY INSTRUMENTS, DATA ACQUISITION AND PROCESSING September , 2010

Diflux measurement protocol

Diflux measurement protocol: Inclination
Note: from the D measurement we obtain the direction of the magnetic meridian. Note: We can orient the theodolite around the vertical axis so that the horizontal axis is ┴ to the magnetic meridian: the telescope will then always swing in the magnetic meridian. The sequence for I measurement positions is then as follows: I5 : Telescope in magnetic meridian pointing towards N, sensor up I6 : Telescope in magnetic meridian pointing towards S, sensor down I7 : Telescope in magnetic meridian pointing towards N, sensor down I8 : Telescope in magnetic meridian pointing towards S, sensor up XIVth IAGA WORKSHOP ON GEOMAGNETIC OBSERVATORY INSTRUMENTS, DATA ACQUISITION AND PROCESSING September , 2010

Diflux measurement protocol
I5 : Telescope in magnetic meridian pointing towards N, sensor up I6 : Telescope in magnetic meridian pointing towards S, sensor down I7 : Telescope in magnetic meridian pointing towards N, sensor down I8 : Telescope in magnetic meridian pointing towards S, sensor up Note: in fact we get two determinations of I: IH = (I5 + I8)/2 which is the inclination at the “sensor up” position and IL= (I6 + I7)/2 at the “sensor down” position. ΔI = IH – IL is called the “I gradient” We will come back later on ΔI XIVth IAGA WORKSHOP ON GEOMAGNETIC OBSERVATORY INSTRUMENTS, DATA ACQUISITION AND PROCESSING September , 2010

Residual Method The residual method utilize the digital output of the Diflux to eliminate errors and improve the accuracy of the measurements. In each of the 4 D and 4 I positions one does not try to adjust the reading to zero but only close to zero (below 10 nT). On the minute one reads the circles as usual and also the digital output of the DIflux. Using to the digital reading from the Diflux, one can calculate the circle readings at zero-output of the Diflux. XIVth IAGA WORKSHOP ON GEOMAGNETIC OBSERVATORY INSTRUMENTS, DATA ACQUISITION AND PROCESSING September , 2010

Residual Method, advantages
The observer can step back from the Diflux at the time of measurement and reduce the effect of magnetic contamination from the observer. During active period and also at high latitude it is difficult to adjust to 0.0 nT on the minute. This is not needed using the residual method. Using difficult to read theodolites like Zeiss 020, one does not have to estimate the value of the fraction of minute of arc. One simply set the circle to a major division line and use the digital reading to calculate the seconds. XIVth IAGA WORKSHOP ON GEOMAGNETIC OBSERVATORY INSTRUMENTS, DATA ACQUISITION AND PROCESSING September , 2010

Precautions required for obtaining high accuracy
Obtain highest precision for target readings and horizontality of telescope for D measurements ”Clean” environment Absolute house is the ”holy” place in the observatory and should be absolutely clean. Check area around absolute house ”Clean” observer Use the Diflux to check for magnetic material. Shoes are often very magnetic. Keep observer away from theodolites at the time of reading. Residual method is highly recommended Keep good timing < 1 sec Use instantaneous variometer data for reduction not filtered minute values Keep list af all available data from the absolute observation Baseline values, Absolute values, Temperatures, DI-constants, Observer ID and more Continuous quality check of DI-Theodolite, Observer and Variometer XIVth IAGA WORKSHOP ON GEOMAGNETIC OBSERVATORY INSTRUMENTS, DATA ACQUISITION AND PROCESSING September , 2010

Measuring the Geomagnetic Field Orientation: Selected DIflux Topics
Fluxgate electronics basics Analysing DIflux measurements : Azimuth, Site and magnetisation errors DIflux magnetic hygiene check Specs of commercial and other available devices Troubleshooting of the ZEISS 010/15/20 Optics cleaning XIVth IAGA WORKSHOP ON GEOMAGNETIC OBSERVATORY INSTRUMENTS, DATA ACQUISITION AND PROCESSING September , 2010

Selected DIflux Topics: Fluxgate electronics basics

Selected DIflux Topics: Analysing DIflux measurements : Azimuth, Site and magnetisation errors )
The readings of the four D-positions gives: Mean Declination D = ( A1 + A2 + A3 + A4 ) /4 – π rad Magnetisation error S = ( A1 – A2 + A3 - A4 ) /4 *H rad Elevation or Site error ε = ( A1 – A2 – A3 + A4 +- 2π ) /4*H*/Z rad Azimuth error δ = ( -A1 – A2 + A3 + A4 ) /4 rad Similar formulas for the four I-positions gives: The inclination in the two UP positions (IH) The inclination in the two DOWN positions (IL) Magnetisation error S Elevation or site error ε When you plot the collimation errors it is often convenient to convert them to equivalent nT so that S, ε and δ can be compared: Magnetisation error S = ( A1 – A2 + A3 - A4 ) /4 *H nT Elevation or Site error Z*ε = ( A1 – A2 – A3 + A4 +- 2π ) /4*H nT Azimuth error H*δ = ( -A1 – A2 + A3 + A4 ) /4*H nT Please be careful using these formulas as the sequence of positions 1,2,3,4 may be different that the one your are using. XIVth IAGA WORKSHOP ON GEOMAGNETIC OBSERVATORY INSTRUMENTS, DATA ACQUISITION AND PROCESSING September , 2010

Selected DIflux Topics : Analysing DIflux measurements : Azimuth, Site and magnetisation errors
All three instrument errors ε, δ and S are eliminated by averaging the four position readings for D and for I The size of the three instrument errors should be kept small to make the measurements faster and convenient However, large errors will not influence the accuracy of the measurements as long as they remain unchanged during the measurement sequence. XIVth IAGA WORKSHOP ON GEOMAGNETIC OBSERVATORY INSTRUMENTS, DATA ACQUISITION AND PROCESSING September , 2010

Selected DIflux Topics: DIflux magnetic hygiene check
The best magnetic check is done by participating in the international IAGA workshops for intercomparing magnetometers Another check can be done by a second Diflux, installed in the I measuring position. DUT should be rotated in front of fluxgate and the extrema subtracted. !! Attention: the fluxgate sensor is magnetic Inspection of the vertical I gradient ΔI gives indication of “non-hygienic” Diflux. (ΔI = IH – IL) Note: magnetic elements on the telescope do not introduce errors as long as they remain constant during the whole measurement protocol. XIVth IAGA WORKSHOP ON GEOMAGNETIC OBSERVATORY INSTRUMENTS, DATA ACQUISITION AND PROCESSING September , 2010

Selected DIflux Topics Specs of Theodolites
Circle Vertical index Sys. errors Zeiss THEO 010: +- 1’’ ’’ none Zeiss THEO ’’ ’’ eccentricity* Zeiss THEO ’’ ’’ eccentricity* 3T2KP-NM ” ” none YOM MG2KP (Russia) +- 1’’ ?? none Ruska theodolite 30” Bubble levels none *eccentricity errors are also removed using 4 positions XIVth IAGA WORKSHOP ON GEOMAGNETIC OBSERVATORY INSTRUMENTS, DATA ACQUISITION AND PROCESSING September , 2010

Selected DIflux Topics: Troubleshooting of the ZEISS 010/15/20
Caution: do not troubleshoot a Zeiss theo if you are not at ease with fine mechanics Caution: always use the correctly sized screwdriver Special tools for repair of Zeiss theos XIVth IAGA WORKSHOP ON GEOMAGNETIC OBSERVATORY INSTRUMENTS, DATA ACQUISITION AND PROCESSING September , 2010

If footscrews are loose you will have random horizontal circle reading errors and problems for levelling Therefore check regularly the footscrew play and adjust if necessary Footscrew play adjustement differs from theo type and series Below it is adjusted by tightening a screw, visible and accessible for a single specific position of the footscrew XIVth IAGA WORKSHOP ON GEOMAGNETIC OBSERVATORY INSTRUMENTS, DATA ACQUISITION AND PROCESSING September , 2010

Footscrew play adjustement differs from theodolite type and series Here it is adjusted by tightening the footscrew, after inserting a pin in the holes, visible and accessible for a single specific position of the footscrew XIVth IAGA WORKSHOP ON GEOMAGNETIC OBSERVATORY INSTRUMENTS, DATA ACQUISITION AND PROCESSING September , 2010

Horizontal axis clamp adjustment  Vertical axis clamp adjustment ↓ XIVth IAGA WORKSHOP ON GEOMAGNETIC OBSERVATORY INSTRUMENTS, DATA ACQUISITION AND PROCESSING September , 2010

Selected DIflux Topics: Optics cleaning
Optics cleaning is difficult, so avoid dirtying them in the first place: never touch or contaminate the lenses and optical glass surfaces of the theodolite. (!! greases and lubricants) Valid tool for optics cleaning is cotton held on a brass needle. A fresh cotton tip is OK for easily accessible places. Golden rule: never reuse a cotton wad for optics cleaning. Cotton should be used dry (moderate dirt) Otherwise the correct fluid for optics cleaning is ether. XIVth IAGA WORKSHOP ON GEOMAGNETIC OBSERVATORY INSTRUMENTS, DATA ACQUISITION AND PROCESSING September , 2010

It is possible to use this level for levelling the theodolite.
Special Issues of Repeat Survey Measurements: Precise levelling using Zeiss/UOMZ pendulum Zeiss 010/015/020 and UOMZ 3T2KP theos have automatic vertical circle index levelling (index is automatically levelled by a pendulum ) It is possible to use this level for levelling the theodolite. XIVth IAGA WORKSHOP ON GEOMAGNETIC OBSERVATORY INSTRUMENTS, DATA ACQUISITION AND PROCESSING September , 2010

Special Issues of Repeat Survey Measurements: Precise levelling using Zeiss/UOMZ pendulum
When use pendulum levelling? When very high levelling accuracy is required (elevated target like North Star, Cruz del Sur or Sun at noon) When bubble level is malfunctioning (f.i. direct sunshine heats the bubble and this causes drifts in the level) So, before sunshots or starshots XIVth IAGA WORKSHOP ON GEOMAGNETIC OBSERVATORY INSTRUMENTS, DATA ACQUISITION AND PROCESSING September , 2010

Procedure (theo should already be leveled within a few ’): Select mentally two footscrews (1 and 2) and position horizontal telescope along the line they form: call it horizontal direction A Set telescope perfectly horizontal (VC reads 90°00’00”) Rotate 180° around vertical Read VC. (say VC reads 90°00’48”). Levelling error in direction A is 48/2=24” Using Horizontal axis slow motion screw bring VC to 90°00’24” Using footscrew 1 bring VC to 90°00’12” Using footscrew 2 bring VC to 90°00’00”. Theo is now perfectly levelled in direction A XIVth IAGA WORKSHOP ON GEOMAGNETIC OBSERVATORY INSTRUMENTS, DATA ACQUISITION AND PROCESSING September , 2010

Rotate 90° around vertical. This is horizontal direction B Set telescope perfectly horizontal (VC reads 90°00’00”) Rotate 180° around vertical Read VC. (say VC reads 90°00’20”). Levelling error in direction B is 20/2=10” Using Horizontal axis slow motion screw bring VC to 90°00’10” Using footscrew 3 bring VC to 90°00’00”. Theo is now perfectly levelled XIVth IAGA WORKSHOP ON GEOMAGNETIC OBSERVATORY INSTRUMENTS, DATA ACQUISITION AND PROCESSING September , 2010

Thank you for your attention,
Acknowledgements Thank you for your attention, Thanks to CEA and Dr Dongmei Yang for the invitation to this Workshop, and thanks to our Masters Kring E. Lauridsen and Daniel Gilbert, for teaching us so many things. XIVth IAGA WORKSHOP ON GEOMAGNETIC OBSERVATORY INSTRUMENTS, DATA ACQUISITION AND PROCESSING September , 2010

Geomagnetic Measurements Workshop: DIflux: Absolute Measurement of the Geomagnetic Field orientation in Space prepared for the XIVth IAGA WORKSHOP ON.

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Geomagnetic Measurements Workshop: DIflux: Absolute Measurement of the Geomagnetic Field orientation in Space prepared for the XIVth IAGA WORKSHOP ON.

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Presentation on theme: "Geomagnetic Measurements Workshop: DIflux: Absolute Measurement of the Geomagnetic Field orientation in Space prepared for the XIVth IAGA WORKSHOP ON."— Presentation transcript:

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