1. Vishnu Vardhan Reddy Mukku Mav ID : 1000989621 Email : vishnu.vardhanreddymukku@mavs.uta.edu Under the guidance of Dr. K. R. Rao

2. AVC-Advanced Video Coding DCT-Discrete Cosine Transform EPT- Embedding Position Template MB-Macro Block MPM-Most Probable Mode RDO-Rate Distortion Optimization HBQ-Hidden Bit Quantity BRI- Bit Rate Increase

3.  Introduction to H.264  Introduction to Intra frame Prediction in H.264  Algorithm for Information Hiding  Watermark embedding and Extraction  Experimental Results  References

4. Fig. 1: H.264 hybrid video encoder [4].

6. Rate Distortion Optimization (RDO) Most Probable Mode (MPM): min {Adj I4 blocks modes} Fig. 2: Intra-prediction for I4-block: (a) current block and its neighboring pixels; (b) nine prediction directions for I4-block [12].

7. Fig 3: 4×4 intra prediction modes [11]

8. Fig 4: Prediction blocks, 4×4 modes 0−8 [17] Example of prediction modes for an I4 block

9. Fig 5: Intra 16×16 prediction modes [5]

10. Fig. 6. Block diagram for inf hiding using intraprediction approach [12].

11. Fig 7: The mapping rules for watermark embedding [12].

12. Odd modes (1,3,5,7) are mapped to bit ‘1’. Even modes (0,2,4,6,8) are mapped to bit ‘0’. Q 1, Q 2, Q 3 are the bit information of the 3 I4 MBs. Eg. W=00, Q 1 =0, Q 2 =1, Q 3 =1 then according to the mapping rule the 1 st block has to change it’s mode from even to odd. And then RDO is used for mode selection.

13. Fig. 8. Embedding position templates [12].

14. Fig 9: Block diagram of watermark detection process [12]

15. EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS

16. Fig 9: Test Sequences

17. Properties of the test sequences

18. Fig 10: 50×37 resolution hiding image

22. The efficiency of information hiding capacity can be improved by exploiting inter prediction mode or by choosing some other effective part in H.264. Also this information hiding algorithm concept can be implemented in HEVC. Currently research is going on for HEVC.

23. [1] JVT Draft ITU-T recommendation and final draft international standard of joint video specification (ITU-T Rec. H.264-ISO/IEC 14496-10 AVC), March 2003, JVT-G050 available on http://ip.hhi.de/imagecom_G1/assets/pdfs/JVT-G050.pdf http://ip.hhi.de/imagecom_G1/assets/pdfs/JVT-G050.pdf [2] T.Wiegand et al, “Overview of the H.624/AVC Video Coding Standard”, IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems for Video Technology, Vol.13, No.7, pp. 560-576, Jul. 2003. [3] G.J.Sullivan et al, “Overview of the High Efficiency Video Coding (HEVC) standard,” IEEE Trans. Circuits Syst. Video Technology, vol. 22, no. 12, pp. 1649–1668, Dec. 2012. [4] Y.Tew and K.S.Wong, “An Overview of Information Hiding in H.264/AVC Compressed Video,” IEEE Trans. Circuits Syst. Video Technol., vol. 24, no. 2, pp. 305-319, Feb 2014. [5] I.E. Richardson, “The H.264 Advanced Video Compression Standard”, 2 nd edition, Wiley publications, 21 May, 2010.I.EWiley [6] T.A. Lin, S.Z. Wang, T.M. Liu and C.Y. Lee, “An H.264/AVC decoder with 4x4-block level pipeline,” IEEE Signal Process. Lett., vol. 16, no. 2, pp. 91– 101, Feb. 2009. [7] Y.M. Huang, J.J. Leou, and M.H. Cheng, “A Post Deblocking Filter for H.264 Video,” IEEE Signal Process. Lett., vol. 26, pp. 69–72, Feb. 2007.

24. [8] X.Li et al., “A generalization of LSB matching,” IEEE Signal Process. Lett., vol. 16, no. 2, pp. 69–72, Feb. 2009. [9] I.E.Richardson, “The H.264 Advanced Video Compression Standard”, 2 nd Edition, Hoboken, NJ, Wiley, 2010. [10] Feng Pan et al, “Fast Mode Decision for Intra Prediction”, ISO/IEC JTC1/SC29/WG11 and ITU-T SG16 Q.6, JVT 7th Meeting Pattaya II, Thailand, 7-14, Mar 2003. [11] C.S. Kim et al, “Fast Intra-Prediction Model Selection for H.264 Codec”, Integrated Media Systems Center and Department of Electrical Engineering. Available on http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.2.4112&rep=rep1&typ e=pdf http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.2.4112&rep=rep1&typ e=pdf [12] G.Yang et al, "An information hiding algorithm based on intra-prediction modes and matrix coding for H.264/AVC video stream," AEU - International Journal of Electronics and Communications, vol.65, no.4, pp.331-337, Mar 2010.AEU - International Journal of Electronics and Communications [13] Hu Y et al, “Information hiding based on intra prediction modes for H.264/AVC”, In: Proceedings of IEEE International Conference on Multimedia and Expo., pp. 1231–1234, Aug 2007. [14] J.Camenisch et al, “Modified matrix encoding technique for minimal distortion steganography”, 8th International Workshop, IH 2006, LNCS 4437, pp. 314-327, Jul. 2007.

25. [15] S.K. Kapotas et al, “Real time data hiding by exploiting the IPCM macroblocks in H.264/AVC streams”, Journal of Real-Time Image Processing, Vol.4, No.1, pp.33-42, Mar 2009. [16] S. Li, “Detection of Information Hiding by Modulating Intra Prediction Modes in H.264/AVC”, Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Computer Science and Electronics Engineering (ICCSEE), volume 2, pp. 0590-0593, Jan 2013. [17] PPT slides on “Fast Intra-Prediction Mode Selection for H.264”, by H.Zhang et al. Available online on: http://mathcs.slu.edu/~fritts/pres/spie05_IVC_h264_fast_mode_sel_pres.pdf http://mathcs.slu.edu/~fritts/pres/spie05_IVC_h264_fast_mode_sel_pres.pdf [18] E. Izquierdo et al., “Introduction to the Special Issue on Authentication, Copyright Protection, and Information Hiding”, IEEE Transactions On Circuits And Systems For Video Technology, Vol. 13, No. 8, p.p. 729-731, Aug. 2003.E. Izquierdo [19] B. Girod, “Video streaming with SP and SI frames”, In Proc. Visual Communication Image Processing, Information Systems Laboratory, Stanford University, Mar. 2005. [20] S. Kapotas and A. Skodras, “Real time data hiding by exploiting the IPCM macroblocks in H.264/AVC streams,” J. Real-Time Image Process., vol. 4, pp. 33–41, Oct. 2009. [21] C. Chang et al., “Hiding secret data in images via predictive coding,” Pattern Recognition, vol. 38, no. 5, pp. 691–705, Sep. 2005.

26. [22] X. Li et al., “A generalization of LSB matching,” IEEE Signal Process. Letters, vol. 16, no. 2, pp. 69–72, Feb. 2009. [23] D. Marpe, H. Schwarz, and T. Wiegand, “Context-based adaptive binary arithmetic coding in the H.264/AVC video compression standard,” IEEE Trans. Circuits Syst. Video Technol., vol. 13, no. 7, pp. 620–636, Jul. 2003. [24] G. Bjontegaard and K. Lillevold, Context-Adaptive VLC (CAVLC) Coding of Coefficients, JVT-C028, 3rd Meeting, Fairfax, Virginia, USA, May 2002. [25] N. Ahmed et al, “Discrete Cosine Transform”, IEEE Transactions on Computers, Vol. C-23, pp. 90-93, Jan.1974. [26] Access to JM 18.6 Reference Software: http://iphome.hhi.de/suehring/tml/ http://iphome.hhi.de/suehring/tml/ [27] H.264 tutorial by I.E.G. Richardson: http://www.vcodex.com/h264.htmlhttp://www.vcodex.com/h264.html [28] I.E.G. Richardson, "H.264 and MPEG-4 Video Compression", Hoboken, NJ, Wiley, 2003. [29] A. Puri et al., "Video coding using the H.264/MPEG-4 AVC compression standard", Signal Processing: Image Communication, vol. 19, pp. 793-849, Oct. 2004.

27. [30] Special issue on emerging research and standards in next generation video coding, IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems for Video Technology (CSVT), vol.23, pp. 1646-1909, Dec.2012. [31] Special issue on emerging research and standards in next generation video coding, IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems for Video Technology (CSVT), vol.23, pp. 2009-2142, Dec.2013. [32] Introduction to the issue on video coding HEVC and beyond, IEEE Journal of Selected iTopics in Signal Processing, vol.7, pp. 931-1151, Dec.2013.