1. Lecture 4 Introduction to Digital Signal Processors (DSPs) Dr. Konstantinos Tatas

2. ACOE343 - Embedded Real-Time Processor Systems - Frederick University 2 Outline/objectives Identify the most important DSP processor architecture features and how they relate to DSP applications Understand the types of code appropriate for DSP implementation

3. ACOE343 - Embedded Real-Time Processor Systems - Frederick University 3 What is a DSP? A specialized microprocessor for real- time DSP applications –Digital filtering (FIR and IIR) –FFT –Convolution, Matrix Multiplication etc

4. ACOE343 - Embedded Real-Time Processor Systems - Frederick University 4 Hardware used in DSP ASICFPGAGPPDSP PerformanceVery HighHighMediumMedium High FlexibilityVery lowHigh Power consumption Very lowlowMediumLow Medium Development Time LongMediumShort

5. ACOE343 - Embedded Real-Time Processor Systems - Frederick University 5 Common DSP features Harvard architecture Dedicated single-cycle Multiply-Accumulate (MAC) instruction (hardware MAC units) Single-Instruction Multiple Data (SIMD) Very Large Instruction Word (VLIW) architecture Pipelining Saturation arithmetic Zero overhead looping Hardware circular addressing Cache DMA

6. ACOE343 - Embedded Real-Time Processor Systems - Frederick University 6 Harvard Architecture Physically separate memories and paths for instruction and data

7. ACOE343 - Embedded Real-Time Processor Systems - Frederick University 7 Single-Cycle MAC unit Can compute a sum of n- products in n cycles

8. ACOE343 - Embedded Real-Time Processor Systems - Frederick University 8 Single Instruction - Multiple Data (SIMD) A technique for data-level parallelism by employing a number of processing elements working in parallel

9. ACOE343 - Embedded Real-Time Processor Systems - Frederick University 9 Very Long Instruction Word (VLIW) A technique for instruction-level parallelism by executing instructions without dependencies (known at compile-time) in parallel Example of a single VLIW instruction: F=a+b; c=e/g; d=x&y; w=z*h;

10. ACOE343 - Embedded Real-Time Processor Systems - Frederick University 10 CISC vs. RISC vs. VLIW

11. ACOE343 - Embedded Real-Time Processor Systems - Frederick University 11 Pipelining DSPs commonly feature deep pipelines TMS320C6x processors have 3 pipeline stages with a number of phases (cycles): –Fetch Program Address Generate (PG) Program Address Send (PS) Program ready wait (PW) Program receive (PR) –Decode Dispatch (DP) Decode (DC) –Execute 6 to 10 phases

12. ACOE343 - Embedded Real-Time Processor Systems - Frederick University 12 Saturation Arithmetic fixed range for operations like addition and multiplication normal overflow and underflow produce the maximum and minimum allowed value, respectively Associativity and distributivity no longer apply 1 signed byte saturation arithmetic examples: 64 + 69 = 127 -127 – 5 = -128 (64 + 70) – 25 = 122 ≠ 64 + (70 -25) = 109

13. ACOE343 - Embedded Real-Time Processor Systems - Frederick University 13 Examples Perform the following operations using one-byte saturation arithmetic 0x77 + 0x99 = 0x4*0x42= 0x3*0x51=

14. ACOE343 - Embedded Real-Time Processor Systems - Frederick University 14 Zero Overhead Looping Hardware support for loops with a constant number of iterations using hardware loop counters and loop buffers No branching No loop overhead No pipeline stalls or branch prediction No need for loop unrolling

15. ACOE343 - Embedded Real-Time Processor Systems - Frederick University 15 Hardware Circular Addressing A data structure implementing a fixed length queue of fixed size objects where objects are added to the head of the queue while items are removed from the tail of the queue. Requires at least 2 pointers (head and tail) Extensively used in digital filtering y[n] = a0x[n]+a1x[n-1]+…+akx[n-k]

16. ACOE343 - Embedded Real-Time Processor Systems - Frederick University 16 Direct Memory Access (DMA) The feature that allows peripherals to access main memory without the intervention of the CPU Typically, the CPU initiates DMA transfer, does other operations while the transfer is in progress, and receives an interrupt from the DMA controller once the operation is complete. Can create cache coherency problems (the data in the cache may be different from the data in the external memory after DMA) Requires a DMA controller

17. ACOE343 - Embedded Real-Time Processor Systems - Frederick University 17 Cache memory Separate instruction and data L1 caches (Harvard architecture) Cache coherence protocols required, since most systems use DMA

18. ACOE343 - Embedded Real-Time Processor Systems - Frederick University 18 DSP vs. Microcontroller DSP –Harvard Architecture –VLIW/SIMD (parallel execution units) –No bit level operations –Hardware MACs –DSP applications Microcontroller –Mostly von Neumann Architecture –Single execution unit –Flexible bit-level operations –No hardware MACs –Control applications

19. ACOE343 - Embedded Real-Time Processor Systems - Frederick University 19 Examples Estimate how long will the following code fragment take to execute on –A general purpose processor with 1 GHz operating frequency, five-stage pipelining and 5 cycles required for multiplication, 1 cycle for addition –A DSP running at 500 MHz, zero overhead looping and 6 independent ALUs and 2 independent single- cycle MAC units? for (i=0; i<8; i++) { a[i] = 2*i + 3; b[i] = 3*i + 5; }

20. ACOE343 - Embedded Real-Time Processor Systems - Frederick University 20 Review Questions Which of the following code fragments is appropriate for SIMD implementation? a[0]=b[0]+c[0];a[0]=b[0]&c[0]; a[2]=b[2]+c[2];a[0]=b[0]%c[0]; a[4]=b[4]+c[4];a[0]=b[0]+c[0]; a[6]=b[6]+c[6];a[0]=b[0]/c[0]; Can the following instructions be merged into one VLIW instruction? If not in how many? –a=b+c; –d=c/e; –f=d&a; –g=b%c;

21. ACOE343 - Embedded Real-Time Processor Systems - Frederick University 21 Review Questions Which of the following is not a typical DSP feature? –Dedicated multiplier/MAC –Von Neumann memory architecture –Pipelining –Saturation arithmetic Which implementation would you choose for lowest power consumption? –ASIC –FPGA –General-Purpose Processor –DSP

22. ACOE343 - Embedded Real-Time Processor Systems - Frederick University 22 Examples How many VLIW instructions does the following program fragment require if there two independent data paths (a,b), with 3 ALUs and 1 MAC available in each and 8 instructions/word? How many cycles will it take to execute if they are the first instructions in the program and all instructions require 1 cycle, assuming the pipelining architecture of slide 10 with 6 phases of execution? ADD a1,a2,a3;a3 = a1+a2 SUB b1,b3,b4;b4 = b1-b3 MUL a2,a3,a5;a5 = a2-a3 MUL b3,b4,b2;b2 = b3*b4 AND a7,a0,a1;a1 = a7 AND a0 MUL a3,a4,a5;a5 = a3*a4 OR a6,a3,a2;a2 = a6 OR a3

23. ACOE343 - Embedded Real-Time Processor Systems - Frederick University 23 References DR. Chassaing, “DSP Applications using C and the TMS320C6x DSK”, Wiley, 2002 Texas Instruments, TMS320C64x datasheets Analog Devices, ADSP-21xx ProcessorsADSP-21xx Processors