1. National Competitiveness in Global Economy

2. MICHAEL PORTER…Originator of the THEORY OF NATIONAL COMPETITIVE ADVANTAGE

3. Michael Porter’s Theory of National Competitive Advantage/Porter’s Diamond published in 1990 was based on a study of 100 firms in 10 developed nations
Porter questions how Switzerland and Japan could become success stories without assumed prerequisits

4. a sizeable demand from sophisticated consumers,
FACTORS, which MICHAEL PORTER BELIEVED EXTENDED BEYOND NATURAL ENDOWMENT, INCLUDE….
a sizeable demand from sophisticated consumers,
an educated and skilled workforce,
intense competition in the industry
the existence of related and supporting suppliers

5. Porter also discusses external influences such as government and chance demand conditions:
A company facing a more competitive environment will strive to make itself more efficient
Factors of production are nothing more than the inputs to compete in any industry, such as Labour, arable land, natural resources, capital, and infrastructure
These are clearly important but PORTER now believes they are less vital to success than before.

6. Factors most important to competitive advantage in most industries, especially in the industries most vital to productivity growth in advanced economies, are not inherited but are created within a nation, through processes that differ widely across nations and among industries

7. Porter’s diamond framework
Government
Structure of Firms and Rivalry
Factor Conditions
Demand
Conditions
Chance
Related and Supporting Industries
Adapted from Michael E. Porter, The Competitive Advantage of Nations
(New York,: Free Press, 1990, pg. 72)

8. Factor conditions These include:
the quantity, skills, and cost of the personnel;
the abundance, quality, accessibility, and cost of the nation’s physical resources such as land water, mineral deposit, timber, hydroelectric power and fishing grounds;
the nation’s stock of knowledge resources, including scientific, technical, and market knowledge that affect the quantity and quality of goods and services;
the amount and cost of capital resources that are available to finance industry;
the type, quality, and user cost of the infrastructure, including the nation’s transportation system, communications system, healt-care system, and other factors that directly affect the quality of life in the country.

9. Demand conditions These include:
the composition in the home markets as reflected by the various market niches that exists and buyer sophistications
the size and growth rate of the home demand;
the ways through which domestic demand is internationalized and pulls a nation’s products and services abroad

10. Related and supporting industries
These include:
the presence of internationally competitive supplier industries that create advantages in downstream industries through efficient, early, or rapid access to cost-effective inputs
internationally competitive related industries that can coordinate and share activities in the value chain when competing or those that involve complementary products.

11. Firm strategy, structure, and rivalry
These include:
the ways in which firms are managed and choose to compete;
the goals that companies seek to attain as well as the motivations ot their employees and managers;
the amount of domestic rivalry and the creation and persistence of competitive advantage in the respective industry.

12. The role of chance
Chance events can nullify the advantages of some competitors and bring about a shift in overall competitive position because of developments such as:
new inventions;
significant shifts in world financial markets or exchange rates;
discontinuities in input costs such as oil shocks

13. The role of government
Government can influence all 4 of the major determinants through actions such as:
subsidies;
education policies;
the regulation or deregulation of capital markets;
the establishment of local product standards and regulations;
the purchase of goods and service;
tax laws;
antitrust regulation.

14. Conclusions
Modern models of national competitiveness prefer to use firms as units of analysis
Factor endowment matters less
Governmental policies should be providing beneficial environment rather than spend resources by picking winners
Theories of national competitiveness do not account for power relations between states