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Chapter 11 Nuclear Chemistry. 11 | 2 Nuclear Chemistry cont’d What is nuclear chemistry? The study of reactions that result from changes in the nucleus.

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Presentation on theme: "Chapter 11 Nuclear Chemistry. 11 | 2 Nuclear Chemistry cont’d What is nuclear chemistry? The study of reactions that result from changes in the nucleus."— Presentation transcript:

1 Chapter 11 Nuclear Chemistry

2 11 | 2 Nuclear Chemistry cont’d What is nuclear chemistry? The study of reactions that result from changes in the nucleus of an atom

3 11 | 3 Nuclear Chemistry cont’d In nuclear chemistry specific atoms are called…… …….. nuclides. Nuclides are identified by two types of notation: 1.Nuclear Symbol 2.Element name-mass number

4 11 | 4 Nuclear Chemistry cont’d This is an example of a nuclear symbol.

5 11 | 5 Nuclear Chemistry cont’d The nuclear symbol can also be expressed as shown.

6 11 | 6 Nuclear Chemistry cont’d Practice Questions Write two notations for a nuclide that has: a.41 protons, 41 electrons, 55 neutrons b.11 protons, 11 electrons, 14 neutrons

7 11 | 7 Radioactive Decay

8 11 | 8 Nuclides are either stable or unstable Unstable nuclides (or radionuclides) undergo radioactive decay.

9 11 | 9 Radioactive decay is a nuclear reaction that emits radiation while changing the nuclide of one element into another.

10 11 | 10 For example; the silver- 113 radionuclide decays to cadmium- 113 with the emission of a beta particle and gamma rays.

11 11 | 11 Types of Natural Radioactive Emission

12 11 | 12 Three major types of natural radioactive emission: Beta particle (an electron from the nucleus) Alpha particle( the nucleus of a He atom) Gamma rays (energy similar to x-rays )

13 Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.11 | 13 Nuclear Chemistry cont’d

14 Let’s look at Half-life

15 11 | 15 Nuclear Chemistry cont’d The half-life of a radionuclide is the time required for ½ of it to decay. Half-life is frequently given the symbol t 1/2.

16 Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.11 | 16 Nuclear Chemistry cont’d

17 Half-life Decay Graph for 80 mg of Iodine-131

18 Equation to Determine Final Mass of a Radionuclide

19 Practice Problem I : How many grams of cobalt -60 is left when 2.0 g of it decays for 15.9 years? It t 1/2 is 5.3 years.

20 Practice Problem II : What is the t 1/2 for the radionuclide potassium-45 ( a beta emitter) if a 50mg sample decays to 5.3 years.

21 Let’s look at the Biochemical Effects of Radiation

22 Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.11 | 22 Nuclear Chemistry cont’d Degree of Penetration by BAG Radiation

23 11 | 23 NPenuclear Chemistry cont’d Alpha.. No damage to skin.. Why? ( greatest damage when ingested… Why?) Beta ….. Severe burns to skin… Why? Gamma….. Severe damage to skin and internal organs….. Why?

24 Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.11 | 24

25 This is the last powerpoint slide in this chapter

26 This is the last powerpoint slide in this chapter

27 →Fig. 11.4 Ernest Rutherford was the first person to carry out a bombardment reaction. Nuclear Chemistry cont’d

28 Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.11 | 28 →Table 11.2 Nuclear Chemistry cont’d

29 Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.11 | 29 CC 11.1 Tobacco Radioactivity Nuclear Chemistry cont’d

30 Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.11 | 30 →Fig. 11.6 In the U-238 decay series, each nuclide is unstable except Pb- 206. Nuclear Chemistry cont’d

31 Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.11 | 31 ←Fig. 11.7 Ion pair formation. Nuclear Chemistry cont’d

32 Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.11 | 32 →CC 11.2 Irridated and nonradiated mushrooms Nuclear Chemistry cont’d © Peticolas/Megna/Fundamental Photographs, NYC

33 Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.11 | 33 ←Fig. 11.9 Film badges are used to determine a person’s exposure to radiation. Nuclear Chemistry cont’d Doug Plummer/Photo Researchers

34 Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.11 | 34 Fig. 11.10 Radiation passing through a Geiger counter ionizes one or more gas atoms, producing ion pairs. Nuclear Chemistry cont’d

35 Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.11 | 35 ←Fig. 11.11 Components of the estimated annual radiation of an average American. Nuclear Chemistry cont’d

36 Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.11 | 36 →CC. 11.3 A commercially available kit to test for radon gas in the home. Nuclear Chemistry cont’d

37 Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.11 | 37 ←Fig. 11.12 Brain scans are obtained using radioactive technetium-99, a laboratory-produced radionuclide. Nuclear Chemistry cont’d Science Photo/Custom Medical Stock Photo

38 Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.11 | 38 ←Table 11.4 Nuclear Chemistry cont’d

39 Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.11 | 39 Table 11.5 Nuclear Chemistry cont’d

40 Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.11 | 40 →Fig. 11.13 Cobalt-60 is used as a source of gamma radiation in radiation therapy. Nuclear Chemistry cont’d Yoav Levy/Phototake

41 Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.11 | 41 ←Fig. 11.14 A fission chain reaction is caused by further reaction of the neutrons produced during fission. Nuclear Chemistry cont’d

42 Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.11 | 42 →Fig. 11.15 Enormous amounts of energy are released in the explosion of a nuclear fission bomb. Nuclear Chemistry cont’d © Bettmann/CORBIS

43 Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.11 | 43 ←Fig. 11.16 The cooling tower at the Trojan nuclear power plant dominates the landscape. The nuclear reactor is housed in the dome- shaped enclosure. Nuclear Chemistry cont’d © Albert J. Copley/Visuals Unlimited

44 Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.11 | 44 →Fig. 11.17 The process of nuclear fusion maintains the interior of the sun at the temperature of approximately 15 million degrees. Nuclear Chemistry cont’d NASA

45 Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.11 | 45 Nuclear Chemistry cont’d  CAG 11.2

46 Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.11 | 46 →CO 11.1 Associated with brain- scan technology is the use of small amounts of radioactive substances. Nuclear Chemistry cont’d PhotoDisc

47 ←Fig. 11.1 Marie Curie, one of the pioneers in the study of radioactivity, is the first person to have been awarded two Nobel Prizes for scientific work. Nuclear Chemistry cont’d

48 Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.11 | 48 →Table 11.6 Nuclear Chemistry cont’d


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