1. 1 AN APPROACH TO DEVELOPMENT OF VIRTUAL DGPS NETWORKS Miroslav J. Tsvetkov, Kosta I. Ivanov Naval Academy, Varna, Bulgaria UNCLASSIFIED

2. 2 DGPS Coverage over Mediterranean and Black Sea Region - February 2008 Red color – Active DGPS Radiobeacons; Green color – Not Active DGPS Radiobeacons (proposed, planed or tested); UNCLASSIFIED

3. 3 Only 7 DGPS Radiobeacons are Active over 2.5 millions km 2 DGPS Coverage over Mediterranean and Black Sea Region - February 2008 UNCLASSIFIED

4. 4 The accuracy of GNSS Navstar 36 meters horizontal accuracy at the 95% confidential level (2drms) 77 meters vertical accuracy at the 95% confidential level (2drms) GLONASS similar and sometimes better UNCLASSIFIED

5. 5 Maritime User Needs International Maritime Organization (IMO) Resolution A.915(22) US Department of Defense and US Department of Transportation “2001 Federal Radionavigation Systems” (FRS) “2001 Federal Radionavigation Systems” (FRS) UNCLASSIFIED

6. 6 Table 1 - Maritime User Needs SourcePhase of navigation Accuracy required (2drms) GNSS IMO Rez.А.915(22) App. 2 Ocean, Coastal, Port and restricted waters, Inland waterways horizontal 10 m Does not provide IMO Rez.А.915(22) App. 3 Search and rescue, Oceanography, Fisheries, Recreation and leisure horizontal 10 m Does not provide US FRS Inland waterway: – Recreational boats & smaller vessels – All ships and tows horizontal 5 – 10 m 2 – 5 m Does not provide US FRS Harbor entrance and approach: – All ships – Resource exploration horizontal 8 – 20 m 1 – 5 m Does not provide US FRS Coastal – All Ships Ocean – All Ships 460 – 3700 m 3700 – 7400 m Provide UNCLASSIFIED

7. 7 Augmentation Systems wide area (WAAS, EGNOS, MSAS) regional (SkyFix, StarFix, Eurofix, GRAS) local (maritime, aeronautical, geodetical) The best accuracy is achieved when using data from a local reference station situated near the user. UNCLASSIFIED

8. 8 Virtual Reference Station (VRS) UNCLASSIFIED

9. 9 User Effective Range Error (UERE) (3) Estimated Position Error (EPE) (4) Pseudorange Error Budget UNCLASSIFIED User Range Error (URE) URE = ΔION + ΔTRO + ΔSV(1) User Equipment Error (UEE) UEE = ΔMP + ΔR(2)

10. 10 OUR APPROACH Reduce the User Range Error (URE) Calculate Δ ION (5) Calculate Δ TRO (6) Calculate Δ SV (7) UNCLASSIFIED

11. 11 Virtual Reference System Model Structural Diagram UNCLASSIFIED

12. 12 EXPERIMENT Date – 12.02.2008Date – 12.02.2008 Duration – 24 hoursDuration – 24 hours Meteorological Data from Met.St. Varna,Meteorological Data from Met.St. Varna, Bulgaria (WMO number 15552) PC with MatLab and Internet ConnectionPC with MatLab and Internet Connection TransmitterTransmitter DGPS ReceiverDGPS Receiver GPS ReceiverGPS Receiver LaptopLaptop UNCLASSIFIED

13. 13 RESULTS 86400 position reports from GPS Receiver have been recorded (24 hours every second). 86400 position reports from GPS Receiver have been recorded (24 hours every second). Best accuracy has been achieved with using Hopfield’s troposphere model and Black’s mapping function. Best accuracy has been achieved with using Hopfield’s troposphere model and Black’s mapping function. Diagrams of the horizontal accuracy alternation during experiment are shown on the next three slides. On the abscissa is plotted time (UTC) and on the ordinate is plotted the value of Circular Error Probable (CEP) in meters. UNCLASSIFIED

14. 14 Green color – Actual values of CEP Red curve – Average values of CEP CEP is alternating between 1,22 m and 1,55m in other words the average HORIZONTAL ACCURACY at 95% confidence level (2drms) is alternated between 2,93 m and 3,73 m Accuracy Alternation for 30 minutes time interval UNCLASSIFIED

15. 15 Accuracy Alternation for 2 hours time Interval Green color – Actual values of CEP Red curve – Average values of CEP The average HORIZONTAL ACCURACY at 95% confidence level (2drms) for this period alternated between 3,84 m and 4,66 m. UNCLASSIFIED

16. 16 Green color – Actual values of CEP Red curve – Average values of CEP The average HORIZONTAL ACCURACY at 95% confidence level (2drms) for this period alternated between 2,98 m and 4,06 m. Accuracy Alternation for 30 minutes time interval UNCLASSIFIED

17. 17 CONCLUSION For period of 24 hours the worst horizontal accuracy at 95% confidence level is 4,66 meters UNCLASSIFIED

18. 18 THE MAJOR ADVANTAGES ARE provide to maritime GPS users twice better accuracy than the one required by IMO and US; provide to maritime GPS users twice better accuracy than the one required by IMO and US; cost effective; cost effective; independent of real reference stations; independent of real reference stations; no need to be stationary, can be mounted on ship’s bridge; no need to be stationary, can be mounted on ship’s bridge; can establish and supply several Virtual Reference Stations simultaneously; can establish and supply several Virtual Reference Stations simultaneously; UNCLASSIFIED

19. 19 EXAMPLES OF USAGE The first example presents the potential of the proposed model to establish a network or networks of virtual reference systems to provide high accuracy over a fixed sea area The second example presents the mobility of the virtual reference system UNCLASSIFIED

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