1. ÉCOLE POLYTECHNIQUE FÉDÉRALE DE LAUSANNE Logo optimisé par J.-D.Bonjour, SI-DGR 13.4.93 WMO TECO 4-6 December 2006 New optical remote sensing instruments for water vapour monitoring developed at the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne - EPFL Valentin Simeonov*, Todor Dinoev, Pablo Ristori, Marian Taslakov, Mark Parlange, Ilya Serikov and Hubert van den Bergh Swiss Federal Institute of Technology –Lausanne Switzerland Yuri Arshinov and Sergei Bobrovnikov IOA –Tomsk - Russia Bertrand Calpini MeteoSiss - Payerne

2. ÉCOLE POLYTECHNIQUE FÉDÉRALE DE LAUSANNE Logo optimisé par J.-D.Bonjour, SI-DGR 13.4.93 WMO TECO 4-6 December 2006 Outline Lidar principle Automated water vapor Raman lidar for operational use at MeteoSwiss High spatial and temporal resolution water vapor /temperature Raman lidar Mid IR, long open-path system for trace gas, water vapor and temperature monitoring

3. ÉCOLE POLYTECHNIQUE FÉDÉRALE DE LAUSANNE Logo optimisé par J.-D.Bonjour, SI-DGR 13.4.93 WMO TECO 4-6 December 2006 Lidar principle P P( R) R P0P0 R A Raman method for water vapor measurements FOV S(R)

4. ÉCOLE POLYTECHNIQUE FÉDÉRALE DE LAUSANNE Logo optimisé par J.-D.Bonjour, SI-DGR 13.4.93 WMO TECO 4-6 December 2006 Water vapor Raman lidar for operational use in meteorology Requirements Fully automated, continuous operation Long term stability High reliability > 85% technical availability Eye safety Lidar specifications Water vapor mixing ratio Aerosol Detection limit 0.01 g/kg Extinction & 355 nm Backscatter & 355 nm Statistical error < 10 % Height range / resolution Daytime 150-5’000 m / 30-400 m Night time 150 – 10’000 m / 30-600 m Acquisition time 15-30 min

5. ÉCOLE POLYTECHNIQUE FÉDÉRALE DE LAUSANNE Logo optimisé par J.-D.Bonjour, SI-DGR 13.4.93 WMO TECO 4-6 December 2006 General lidar design To the polychromator Transmitter Nd:YAG laser 400 mJ & 355 nm 30 Hz rep. rate Beam expander 15 X

6. ÉCOLE POLYTECHNIQUE FÉDÉRALE DE LAUSANNE Logo optimisé par J.-D.Bonjour, SI-DGR 13.4.93 WMO TECO 4-6 December 2006 Eye safety Laser energy 400 mJ @ 355 nm, beam diameter 140 mm (after expansion)

7. ÉCOLE POLYTECHNIQUE FÉDÉRALE DE LAUSANNE Logo optimisé par J.-D.Bonjour, SI-DGR 13.4.93 WMO TECO 4-6 December 2006 General lidar design To the polychromator Receiver (NFOW/NB) Narrow Field of View Narrow band Matrix telescope of four Ø 30 cm mirrors 0.2 mrad FOV

8. ÉCOLE POLYTECHNIQUE FÉDÉRALE DE LAUSANNE Logo optimisé par J.-D.Bonjour, SI-DGR 13.4.93 WMO TECO 4-6 December 2006 Spectral isolation and detection Diffraction grating polychromator Long term stabilityLong term stability Narrow band detection – 0.3 nm pass-band (possible adjustment)Narrow band detection – 0.3 nm pass-band (possible adjustment) Oxygen channel – aerosol correctionOxygen channel – aerosol correction 10 12 suppression of the laser line10 12 suppression of the laser line 40% efficiency40% efficiency

9. ÉCOLE POLYTECHNIQUE FÉDÉRALE DE LAUSANNE Logo optimisé par J.-D.Bonjour, SI-DGR 13.4.93 WMO TECO 4-6 December 2006 Diffraction grating Fiber holder & collimating lens Parabolic mirror Doublet lens Photomultipliers Polychromator view

10. ÉCOLE POLYTECHNIQUE FÉDÉRALE DE LAUSANNE Logo optimisé par J.-D.Bonjour, SI-DGR 13.4.93 WMO TECO 4-6 December 2006 Lidar cabin 6 m 2.4 m

11. ÉCOLE POLYTECHNIQUE FÉDÉRALE DE LAUSANNE Logo optimisé par J.-D.Bonjour, SI-DGR 13.4.93 WMO TECO 4-6 December 2006 Outside view

12. ÉCOLE POLYTECHNIQUE FÉDÉRALE DE LAUSANNE Logo optimisé par J.-D.Bonjour, SI-DGR 13.4.93 WMO TECO 4-6 December 2006 Inside view Laser Telescope Polychromator Fibers Output of the Beam Expander Mirrors Telescope

13. ÉCOLE POLYTECHNIQUE FÉDÉRALE DE LAUSANNE Logo optimisé par J.-D.Bonjour, SI-DGR 13.4.93 WMO TECO 4-6 December 2006 Raw data correctionRaw data correction H 2 O retrieval with a predefined error (space resolution variable)H 2 O retrieval with a predefined error (space resolution variable) Data storageData storage Input parameters Averaging time Accuracy Vertical resolution limits Calibration coefficient Data treatment module

14. ÉCOLE POLYTECHNIQUE FÉDÉRALE DE LAUSANNE Logo optimisé par J.-D.Bonjour, SI-DGR 13.4.93 WMO TECO 4-6 December 2006 Data treatment module

15. ÉCOLE POLYTECHNIQUE FÉDÉRALE DE LAUSANNE Logo optimisé par J.-D.Bonjour, SI-DGR 13.4.93 WMO TECO 4-6 December 2006 Last data

16. ÉCOLE POLYTECHNIQUE FÉDÉRALE DE LAUSANNE Logo optimisé par J.-D.Bonjour, SI-DGR 13.4.93 WMO TECO 4-6 December 2006 Future steps Experimental operation in Lausanne till May 2007 Calibration - with tethered balloon (Snow White) - with GPS data - absolute calibration tests Reliability tests Verification with balloon measurements in Payerne Start of operation at MeteoSwiss -July 2008

17. ÉCOLE POLYTECHNIQUE FÉDÉRALE DE LAUSANNE Logo optimisé par J.-D.Bonjour, SI-DGR 13.4.93 WMO TECO 4-6 December 2006 High spatial and temporal resolution Raman lidar for water vapor and temperature measurements Lidar specifications Fixed spatial resolution of 1.5 m Temporal resolution 1 s Operational range 10-500 m Water vapor and temperature statistical error < 10 % Scanning capability Goal: Study of turbulent boundary layer intercomparison with LES model

18. ÉCOLE POLYTECHNIQUE FÉDÉRALE DE LAUSANNE Logo optimisé par J.-D.Bonjour, SI-DGR 13.4.93 WMO TECO 4-6 December 2006

19. ÉCOLE POLYTECHNIQUE FÉDÉRALE DE LAUSANNE Logo optimisé par J.-D.Bonjour, SI-DGR 13.4.93 WMO TECO 4-6 December 2006 Lidar setup Ø 0.3 m Ø 0.2 m Ø 0.1 m

20. ÉCOLE POLYTECHNIQUE FÉDÉRALE DE LAUSANNE Logo optimisé par J.-D.Bonjour, SI-DGR 13.4.93 WMO TECO 4-6 December 2006 Polychromators design

21. ÉCOLE POLYTECHNIQUE FÉDÉRALE DE LAUSANNE Logo optimisé par J.-D.Bonjour, SI-DGR 13.4.93 WMO TECO 4-6 December 2006 Lidar view Water vapor polychromator Temperature polychromator Telescope Laser Acquisition system

22. ÉCOLE POLYTECHNIQUE FÉDÉRALE DE LAUSANNE Logo optimisé par J.-D.Bonjour, SI-DGR 13.4.93 WMO TECO 4-6 December 2006 Test results

23. ÉCOLE POLYTECHNIQUE FÉDÉRALE DE LAUSANNE Logo optimisé par J.-D.Bonjour, SI-DGR 13.4.93 WMO TECO 4-6 December 2006 Vertical time-series

24. ÉCOLE POLYTECHNIQUE FÉDÉRALE DE LAUSANNE Logo optimisé par J.-D.Bonjour, SI-DGR 13.4.93 WMO TECO 4-6 December 2006 Open-path mid IR technique Most polyatomic molecules have specific mid IR spectroscopic features (GHG) High sensitivity Haze immunity Virtually immune to interference by other species Concentration measurements are averaged over an extended path, i.e. much less affected by local unrepresentative fluctuations in gas concentration than point sensors data is better suited for numerical models Measurements can be made in regions of difficult access, especially above ground level No material contact between gas and sensor i.e. no degradation of the gas being measured or "poisoning" of the sensor

25. ÉCOLE POLYTECHNIQUE FÉDÉRALE DE LAUSANNE Logo optimisé par J.-D.Bonjour, SI-DGR 13.4.93 WMO TECO 4-6 December 2006 Mid IR open-path principle Intrapulse tuning:

26. ÉCOLE POLYTECHNIQUE FÉDÉRALE DE LAUSANNE Logo optimisé par J.-D.Bonjour, SI-DGR 13.4.93 WMO TECO 4-6 December 2006 Species and atmospheric parameters measurable within a single wavelength scan NH 3, CH 4, N 2 O and ethanol also detected in lab conditions

27. ÉCOLE POLYTECHNIQUE FÉDÉRALE DE LAUSANNE Logo optimisé par J.-D.Bonjour, SI-DGR 13.4.93 WMO TECO 4-6 December 2006 Comparison between QCL and standard ozone analyzers measurements at 220 m path-length. Ozone detection

28. ÉCOLE POLYTECHNIQUE FÉDÉRALE DE LAUSANNE Logo optimisé par J.-D.Bonjour, SI-DGR 13.4.93 WMO TECO 4-6 December 2006 Temperature measurements using mid IR lines of H2O

29. ÉCOLE POLYTECHNIQUE FÉDÉRALE DE LAUSANNE Logo optimisé par J.-D.Bonjour, SI-DGR 13.4.93 WMO TECO 4-6 December 2006 Space-resolved open-path measurements Transmitter receiver Retroreflectors Beam path

30. ÉCOLE POLYTECHNIQUE FÉDÉRALE DE LAUSANNE Logo optimisé par J.-D.Bonjour, SI-DGR 13.4.93 WMO TECO 4-6 December 2006 Conclusion Automated water vapor lidar for meteorological applications was developed. Experimental operation ongoing, final installation in Payerne foreseen for mid 2008 Water vapor and temperature Raman lidar with high spatial and temporal resolution was built First non cryogenic mid IR system for open path monitoring of trace gases water vapor and temperature has been developed. Planned tests for GHG detection, humidity and T° intercomparison with conventional techniques

31. ÉCOLE POLYTECHNIQUE FÉDÉRALE DE LAUSANNE Logo optimisé par J.-D.Bonjour, SI-DGR 13.4.93 WMO TECO 4-6 December 2006 Thank you