1. Gases CHAPTER 10
Powerpoint from Melissa Brophy’s website ( and modified for our class

2. Gases (Chapter 10) Resources and Activities
Textbook - chapter 10 & ppt file
Lab activities
(1) Exploring Gas Behavior
(with LabQuest Units )
(2) Molar volume of a gas (wet lab)
POGIL activities:
Ideal gas law
Partial Pressure
Chemtour videos from W.W. Norton (chapter 6 : ideal gas law; Dalton’s law; molecular speed)

3. Animation on gases to view:
Independent work - view animations & interactive activities (4 in total) and write summary notes on each. These summaries are to be included in your portfolio

4. Activities and Problem set for chapter 10 (due date_______)
Complete the chapter 10 packet part (a) Characteristics of Gases ( sample, practice and integrative exercises - show work) and part (b) AP Chemistry Gas Law Practice
Do all chapter 10 GIST and Visualizing concepts problems - write out questions and answers & show work. (NB Photocopy of questions is also acceptable)
TextBook ch. 10– all sections required for regents (in part), SAT II and AP exams
Lab activities: (2)
POGILS (2)

5. Measurements on Gases Properties of gases
Gases uniformly fill any container
Gases are easily compressed
Gases mix completely with any other gas
Gases exert pressure on their surroundings
Pressure = Force
Area

6. Measurements on Gases Measuring pressure
The barometer – measures atmospheric pressure
Inventor – Evangelista Torricelli (1643)

7. Measurements on Gases
The manometer – measures confined gas pressure

8. Measurements on Gases Units mm Hg (torr) Kilopascal (kPa) Atmospheres
760 torr = standard pressure
Kilopascal (kPa)
kPa = standard pressure
Atmospheres
1 atmosphere (atm) = standard pressure
STP = 1 atm = 760 torr = 760 mmHg = kPa

9. Measurements on Gases Example: Convert 0.985 atm to torr and to kPa.

10. The Gas Laws of Boyle, Charles and Avogadro
Boyle’s Law (Robert Boyle, )
The product of pressure times volume is a constant, provided the temperature remains the same
PV = k

11. The Gas Laws of Boyle, Charles and Avogadro
P is inversely related to V
The graph of P versus V is hyperbolic
Volume increases linearly as the pressure decreases
As you squeeze a zip lock bag filled with air (reducing the volume), the pressure increases making it difficult to keep squeezing

12. The Gas Laws of Boyle, Charles and Avogadro
At constant temperature, Boyle’s law can be used to find a new volume or a new pressure
P1V1 = k = P2V2
or P1V1 = P2V2
Boyle’s law works best at low pressures
Gases that obey Boyle’s law are called Ideal gases

13. The Gas Laws of Boyle, Charles and Avogadro
Example: A gas which has a pressure of 1.3 atm occupies a volume of 27 L. What volume will the gas occupy if the pressure is increased to 3.9 atm at constant temperature?
P1 = 1.3 atm
V1 = 27 L
P2 = 3.9 atm
V2 = ?
(1.3atm)(27L) = (3.9atm)V2
V2 = 9.0 L

14. The Gas Laws of Boyle, Charles and Avogadro
Charles’ Law (Jacques Charles, 1746 – 1823)
The volume of a gas increase linearly with temperature provided the pressure remains constant
V = bT V = b V1 = b = V2
T T T2
or V1 = V2
T T2

15. The Gas Laws of Boyle, Charles and Avogadro
Temperature must be measured in Kelvin
( K = °C + 273)
0 K is “absolute zero”

16. The Gas Laws of Boyle, Charles and Avogadro
Example: A gas at 30°C and 1.00 atm has a volume of 0.842L. What volume will the gas occupy at 60°C and 1.00 atm?
V1 = 0.842L
T1 = 30°C (+273 = 303K)
V2 = ?
T2 = 60°C (+273 = 333K)

17. 0.842L = V2
303K K
V2 = 0.925L

18. The Gas Laws of Boyle, Charles and Avogadro
Avogadro’s Law (Amedeo Avogadro, 1811)
For a gas at constant temperature and pressure, the volume is directly proportional to the number of moles, n
V = an V/n = a
V1 = a = V or V1 = V2
n n n n2

19. The Gas Laws of Boyle, Charles and Avogadro
Example: A 5.20L sample at 18°C and 2.00 atm contains moles of a gas. If we add an additional 1.27 moles of the gas at the same temperature and pressure, what will the total volume occupied by the gas be?
V1 = 5.20L
n1 = mol
V2 = ?
n2 = 1.27 mol mol = mol

20. The Gas Laws of Boyle, Charles and Avogadro
5.20 L = V2
0.436 mol mol
x = 20.3L

21. The Ideal Gas Law Derivation from existing laws P V = kba(Tn)
V=k V=bT V=an P
V = kba(Tn)

22. The Ideal Gas Law V = nRT or PV = nRT P
Constants k, b, a are combined into the universal gas constant (R),
V = nRT or PV = nRT P

23. The Ideal Gas Law R = PV using standard numbers will give you R nT STP
P = 1 atm
V = 22.4L
n = 1 mol
T = 273K
Therefore if we solve for R, R = L• atm/mol •K

24. The Ideal Gas Law
Example: A sample containing moles of a gas at 12°C occupies a volume of 12.9L. What pressure does the gas exert?
P = ?
V = 12.9L
n = mol
R = L•atm/mol• K
T = = 285K

25. The Ideal Gas Law (P)(12.9L) = (0.614mol)(0.0821 L•atm/mol• K)(285K)
Hint: Rearrange and re-write (watch out for units in numerator and denominator)
P =1.11 atm

26. The Ideal Gas Law Combined Law P1V1 = nR = P2V2 or P1V1 = P2V2
Solving for new volumes, temperature, or pressure (n remaining constant)
Combined Law
P1V1 = nR = P2V or P1V1 = P2V2
T T T T2

27. The Ideal Gas Law
Example: A sample of methane gas at atm and 4.0°C occupies a volume of 7.0L. What volume will the gas occupy if the pressure is increased to 1.52 atm and the temperature increased to 11.0°C?
P1 = atm P2 = 1.52 atm
V1 = 7.0L V2 = ?
T1 = = 277K T2 = = 284K

28. The Ideal Gas Law
(0.848atm)(7.0L) = (1.52atm)(V2)
277K K
V2 = 4.0L

29. Gas Stoichiometry Molar volume Things to remember volume M
One mole of an ideal gas occupies 22.4L of volume at STP
Things to remember
Density = mass
volume
n = grams of substance = m
molar mass M
PV = mRT M

30. Gas Stoichiometry
Example: A sample containing 15.0g of dry ice (CO2(s)) is put into a balloon and allowed to sublime according to the following equation: CO2(s)  CO2(g)
How big will the balloon be (i.e. what is the volume of the balloon) at 22°C and 1.04 atm, after all of the dry ice has sublimed?

31. Gas Stoichiometry Moles of CO2(s): 15g 1 mol = 0.341 mol CO2(s) 44 g
0.341 mol CO2(s) 1 CO2(g) = mol CO2(g)
1 CO2(s) = n

32. Gas Stoichiometry P = 1.04 atm V = ? n = 0.341 mol
R = L•atm/mol• K
T = 22C = 295K
V = 7.94L

33. Gas Stoichiometry
Limiting Reactant Example: L of H2(g) are reacted with 0.600L of O2(g) at STP according to the equation 2H2(g) + O2(g)  2H2O(g)
What volume will the H2O occupy at 1.00 atm and 350°C?

34. Gas Stoichiometry H2: 0.5L 1 mol 2 H2O = 0.0223 mol H2O 22.4L 2 H2
O2: 0.6L 1 mol 2 H2O = mol H2O
22.4L 1 O2

35. Gas Stoichiometry
H2:
(1 atm)(V) = (0.0223mol)( L•atm/mol• K)(623K)
V = 1.14L
O2:
(1atm)(V) = (0.0536mol)( L•atm/mol• K)(623K)
V = 2.74L
Limiting reactant and how much volume is produced!

36. Gas Stoichiometry
Density/Molar Mass example: A gas at 34°C and 1.75 atm has a density of 3.40g/L. Calculate the molar mass of the gas.
D = mass = g
V L
P = 1.75 atm R = L•atm/mol• K
V = 1L T = = 307K
m = 3.40 g M = x

37. Gas Stoichiometry (1.75atm)(1L) = (3.4g)(0.0821 L•atm/mol• K)(307K)
M = molar mass
M = g/mol

38. Dalton’s Law of Partial Pressures (John Dalton, 1803)
Statement of law
“for a mixture of gases in a container, the total pressure exerted is the sum of the pressures each gas would exert if it were alone”
It is the total number of moles of particles that is important, not the identity or composition of the gas particles.

39. Dalton’s Law of Partial Pressures
Derivation
Ptotal = P1 + P2 + P3 …
P1 = n1RT P2 = n2RT P3 = n3RT ….
V V V
Ptotal = n1RT + n2RT + n3RT
V V V
Ptotal = (n1+n2+n3+…) (RT) V
Ptotal = ntotal (RT)

40. Dalton’s Law of Partial Pressures
Example: Oxygen gas is collected over water at 28C. The total pressure of the sample is 5.5 atm. At 28C, the vapor pressure of water is 1.2 atm. What pressure is the oxygen gas exerting?
Ptotal = PO2 + PH2O
5.5 = x + 1.2
X = 4.3 atm

41. Dalton’s Law of Partial Pressures
Mole Fraction
The ratio of the number of moles of a given component in a mixture to the total number of moles in the mixture
For an ideal gas, the mole fraction (x):
x1 = n = P1
ntotal Ptotal

42. Dalton’s Law of Partial Pressures
Example: The vapor pressure of water in air at 28°C is 28.3 torr. Calculate the mole fraction of water in a sample of air at 28°C and 1.03 atm.
XH2O = PH2O = torr
Pair torr
= 0.036

43. Dalton’s Law of Partial Pressures
Example: A mixture of gases contains 1.5 moles of oxygen, 7.5 moles of nitrogen and 0.5 moles of carbon dioxide. If the total pressure exerted is 800 mmHg, what are the partial pressures of each gas in the mixture?

44. Dalton’s Law of Partial Pressures
Calculate the total number of moles
= 9.5 moles
Use mole fractions for each individual gas
PO2: 800mmHg x 1.5 mol = 126 mmHg
9.5 mol
PN2: 800mmHg x 7.5 mol = 632 mmHg
PCO2: 800mmHg x 0.5 mol = 42 mmHg

45. Kinetic Molecular Theory of Gases
Postulates of the KMT Related to Ideal Gases
The particles are so small compared with the distances between them that the volume of the individual particles can be assumed to be zero
The particles are in constant motion. Collisions of the particles with the walls of the container cause pressure.
Assume that the particles exert no forces on each other
The average kinetic energy of a collection of gas particles is assumed to be directly proportional to the Kelvin temperature of the gas

46. Kinetic Molecular Theory of Gases
Explaining Observed Behavior with KMT
P and V (T = constant)
As V is decreased, P increases:
V decrease causes a decrease in the surface area. Since P is force/area, the decrease in V causes the area to decrease, thus increasing the P

47. Kinetic Molecular Theory of Gases
P and T (V = constant)
As T increase, P increases
The increase in T causes an increase in average kinetic energy. Molecules moving faster collide with the walls of the container more frequently, and with greater force.

48. Kinetic Molecular Theory of Gases
V and T (P = constant)
As T increases, V also increases
Increased T creates more frequent, more forceful collisions. V must increase proportionally to increase the surface area, and maintain P

49. Kinetic Molecular Theory of Gases
V and n (T and P constant)
As n increases, V must increase
Increasing the number of particles increases the number of collisions. This can be balanced by an increase in V to maintain constant P

50. Kinetic Molecular Theory of Gases
Dalton’s Law of partial pressures
P is independent of the type of gas molecule
KMT states that particles are independent, and V is assumed to be zero. The identity of the molecule is therefore unimportant

51. Kinetic Molecular Theory of Gases
Root Mean Square Velocity
Velocity of a gas is dependent on mass and temperature
Velocity of gases is determined as an average
M = mass of one mole of gas particles in kg
R = J/K•mol
joule = kg•m2/s2
urms = 3RT M

52. Kinetic Molecular Theory of Gases
Example: Calculate the root mean square velocity for the atoms in a sample of oxygen gas at 0°C.
MO2 = 32g/mol
32g 1 kg = kg
1000g
T = = 273K
R = J/K•mol

53. Kinetic Molecular Theory of Gases
Urms = 3( kg•m2 •s-2•K-1 •mol-1)(273 K) = 461m•s-1
0.032 kg•mol-1
Answer 461m•s-1 or 461 m/s
Recall 1 Joule = 1 J = 1 kg• m2/s2 = 1 kg• m2• s-2

54. Kinetic Molecular Theory of Gases
Mean Free Path – distance between collisions
Average distance a molecule travels between collisions
1 x m for O2 at STP

55. Effusion and Diffusion
Movement of a gas through a small opening into an evacuated container (vacuum)
Graham’s law of effusion
Rate of effusion for gas 1 = √M2
Rate of effusion for gas 2 √M1

56. Effusion and Diffusion
Example: How many times faster than He would NO2 gas effuse?
MNO2 = g/mol larger mass
MHe = g/mol effuses slower
Rate He = = He effuses 3.39
Rate NO times faster

57. Real Gases and van der Waals Equation (Johannes van der Waals, 1873)
Volume
Real gas molecules do have volume
Volume available is not 100% of the container volume
n= number of moles
b = is an empirical constant, derived from experimental results

58. Real Gases and van der Waals Equation
Ideal: P = nRT V
Real: P = nRT
V-nb

59. Real Gases and van der Waals Equation
Pressure
Molecules of real gases do experience attractive forces
a = proportionality constant determined by observation of the gas
Pobs = Pideal – a(n/V)2

60. Real Gases and van der Waals Equation
Combining to derive van der Waals equation
Pobs = nRT - n2a
V-nb V2
And then rearranging…
(Pobs + n2a/V2)(V-nb) = nRT

61. Chemistry in the Atmosphere
Composition of the Troposphere
The atmosphere is composed of 78% N2, 21% O2, 0.9%Ar, and 0.03% CO2 along with trace gases.
The composition of the atmosphere varies as a function of distance from the earth’s surface. Heavier molecules tend to be near the surface due to gravity.

62. Chemistry in the Atmosphere
Upper atmospheric chemistry is largely affected by ultraviolet, x ray, and cosmic radiation emanating from space. The ozone layer is especially reactive to ultraviolet radiation
Manufacturing and other processes of our modern society affect the chemistry of our atmosphere. Air pollution is a direct result of such processes.