1. Kruskal Wallis
and the
Friedman Test

2. Kruskal Wallace One-Way Analysis of Variance
Nonparametric Equivalent of the one-way ANOVA
One IV with 3 or more independent levels
DV – ordinal data
Kruskal Wallis involves the analysis of the sums of ranks for each group, as well as the mean rank for each group.
As sample sizes get larger, the distribution of the test statistic approaches that of χ2, with df = k - 1
Post hoc analysis would require that one conduct multiple pairwise comparisons using a procedure like the Mann Whitney U.
The nonparametric analog to one-way analysis of variance
1. Calculation is similar to the Mann-Whitney U
2. The null hypothesis states that there is no difference in the distribution of scores of the K populations from which the samples were selected.
3. Formula:
H =
N (N + 1) ( Σ Rk2/nk) - 3(N + 1)
Where:
N = Σnk = total number of observations
nk = number of observations in the kth sample
Rk = sum of the ranks in the kth sample
4. The sampling distribution for H is the χ2 distribution with K - 1 degrees of freedom

3. Computing the Kruskal Wallis
Data entered into two columns just like for a one-way ANOVA  one column for the IV with three or more value labels  one column for the DV (ratings)
Analyze  Nonparametric  K Independent Samples
Verify that the Kruskal Wallis Test has been selected
Transfer the IV to the Grouping Variable box  Click Define Range and enter the range Min = 1 and Max = 3  Click Continue  Transfer the DV (ratings) to the Test Variable List  Click OK
To obtain descriptives for the levels of the IV, go to Descriptives  Explore  Transfer the IV to the factor list and the DV to the dependent list (the same as in the Mann Whitney)

4. Interpreting the Output
The test statistic for the Kruskall Wallis is the Chi-Square.
The degrees of freedom and the significance level are provided, as well.

5. The Friedman Test
Nonparametric equivalent of the repeated measures ANOVA
One IV with 3 or more dependent levels
DV – ordinal data
The ranks for each condition are summed and compared.
As sample sizes get larger, the distribution of the test statistic approaches that of χ2, with df = k - 1
When the obtained test statistic is significant, there are post hoc procedures available to determine where the difference lies.

6. Computing the Friedman in SPSS
Define the variables as you did for the repeated measures ANOVA  As many columns as there are levels of the IV  The ranks or ratings for each level are entered into the corresponding columns
To generate Descriptives: Analyze  Descriptive Statistics  Explore  Transfer all levels of the IV to the dependent list  Click Statistics  Check Descriptives  Continue  OK
Analyze  Nonparametric Statistics  K Related Samples  Verify that the Friedman test has been selected  Transfer all data sets to the right window  Click OK

7. Interpreting the Output
Again, the test statistic is the Chi-Square.
Degrees of freedom and significance of the test statistic are also provided.