1. Chapter 2 One Dimensional Kinematics
Learning Objectives
Position, Distance, and Displacement
Average Speed and Velocity
Instantaneous Velocity
Acceleration
Motion with Constant Acceleration
Applications of the Equations of Motion
Freely Falling Objects
PowerPoint presentations are compiled from Walker 3rd Edition Instructor CD-ROM
and Dr. Daniel Bullock’s own resources

2. Position, Distance, and Displacement
Coordinate system  defines position
Distance  total length of travel
(SI unit = meter, m)
Scalar quantity
Displacement  change in position
Change in position = final pos. – initial pos.
 x = xf – xi
Vector quantity

3. Position, Distance, and Displacement
Before describing motion, you must set up a coordinate system – define an origin and a positive direction.
The distance is the total length of travel; if you drive from your house to the grocery store and back, what is the total distance you traveled?
Displacement is the change in position. If you drive from your house to the grocery store and then to your friend’s house, what is your total distance? What is your displacement?

4. Average speed and velocity
Average speed  distance traveled divided by the total elapsed time
SI units, meters/second (m/s)
Scalar quantity
Always positive

5. Average speed and velocity
Is the average speed of the red car:
40 mi/h
More than 40 mi/h
Less than 40 mi/h

6. Average speed and velocity
Average velocity  displacement divided by the total elapsed time
SI units of m/s
Vector quantity
Can de positive or negative

7. Average speed and velocity
Average velocity = displacement / elapsed time
What’s your average velocity if you return to your starting point?
What if the runner sprints 50 m in 8 s?
What if he walks back to the starting line in 40 s?
Can you calculate: What is his average sprint velocity? His average walking
velocity? And his average velocity for the entire trip?

8. Graphical Interpretation of Average Velocity
The same motion, plotted one-dimensionally and as an position vs. time (x-t) graph:
Position vs time graphs give us information about:
average velocity  slope of a line on a x-t plot is equal to the average velocity over that interval

9. Graphical Interpretation of average velocity
What’s the average velocity between the intervals t = 0 s  t = 3 s? Is the particle moving to the left or right?
What’s the average velocity between the intervals t = 2 s  t = 3 s? Is the particle moving to the left or right?

10. Instantaneous Velocity
This means that we evaluate the average velocity over a shorter and shorter period of time; as that time becomes infinitesimally small, we have the instantaneous velocity.
Magnitude of the instantaneous velocity is known as the instantaneous speed

11. Instantaneous Velocity
As t  smaller, the ratio x/t becomes constant
Consider the simple case of an object with constant velocity
In this case as t gets smaller the ratio
remains constant

12. Instantaneous velocity
If we have a more complex motion
This plot shows the average velocity being measured over shorter and shorter intervals. The instantaneous velocity is tangent to the curve.

13. Instantaneous velocity
Is the instantaneous velocity at t = 0.5 s
Greater than
Less than
Or equal to the instantaneous velocity at t = 1.0 s

14. Instantaneous velocity
Graphical Interpretation of Average and Instantaneous Velocity
Average velocity is the slope of the straight line connecting two points corresponding to a given time interval
Instantaneous velocity is the slope of the tangent line at a given instant of time

15. Acceleration
Average acceleration  the change in velocity divided by the time it took to change the velocity
SI units meters/(second · second), m/s2
Vector quantity
Can be positive or negative
Accelerations give rise to force

16. Acceleration What does it mean to have an acceleration of 10 m/s2 ?
Time (s)
Velocity (m/s) 1 10 2 20 3 30

17. Acceleration
Instantaneous acceleration - This means that we evaluate the average acceleration over a shorter and shorter period of time; as that time becomes infinitesimally small, we have the instantaneous acceleration.
When acceleration is constant, the instantaneous and average accelerations are equal

18. Graphical interpretation of Acceleration
Velocity vs time (v-t) graphs give us information about: average acceleration, instantaneous acceleration
average velocity  slope of a line on a x-t plot is equal to the average velocity over that interval
the “+” 0.25 m/s2 means the particle’s speed is increasing by 0.25 m/s every second
What does the “-” 0.5 m/s2 mean?

19. Graphical interpretation of Acceleration

20. Acceleration
Acceleration (increasing speed) and deceleration (decreasing speed) should not be confused with the directions of velocity and acceleration:
In 1-D velocities & accelerations can be “+” or “-” depending on whether they point in the “+” or “-” direction of the coordinate system
Leads to two conclusion
When the velocity & acceleration have the same sign the speed of the object increases (in this case the velocity & acceleration point in the same direction)
When the velocity & acceleration have opposite signs, the speed of the object decreases (in this case the velocity & acceleration point in opposite directions

21. Acceleration Under which scenarios does the car’s speed
increase? Decrease?

22. Motion with constant acceleration
If the acceleration is constant, the velocity changes linearly:
Average velocity:
v0 = initial velocity
a = acceleration
t = time
Can you show that
this equation is dimen-
sionally correct?
v  t

23. Motion with constant acceleration
Average velocity:
Position as a function of time:
Velocity as a function of position:

24. Motion with constant acceleration
The relationship between position and time follows a characteristic curve.
x  t2
If the time doubles what happens to the position?

25. Motion with Constant Acceleration
Can you derive these equations?

26. Motion with constant acceleration
A park ranger driving on a back country road suddenly sees a deer
“frozen” in the headlights. The ranger who is driving at 11.4 m/s,
immediately applies the brakes and slows with an acceleration of 3.8
m/s2. If the deer is 20 m from the ranger’s vehicle when the brakes are
applied, how close does the ranger come to hitting the deer? How
much time is needed for the ranger’s vehicle to stop?

27. Motion with constant acceleration
Does the velocity vary uniformly with distance?

28. Motion with constant acceleration
Free fall is the motion of an object subject only to the influence of gravity. The acceleration due to gravity is a constant, g.

29. Motion with constant acceleration
An object falling in air is subject to air resistance (and therefore is not freely falling).
Free fall is the motion of an object subject only to the
influences of gravity
An object is in free fall as soon as it is released

30. Free falling objects
Free fall from rest

31. Trajectory of a projectile

32. Chapter 2 summary Distance: total length of travel
Displacement: change in position
Average speed: distance / time
Average velocity: displacement / time
Instantaneous velocity: average velocity measured over an infinitesimally small time

33. Chapter 2 summary
Instantaneous acceleration: average acceleration measured over an infinitesimally small time
Average acceleration: change in velocity divided by change in time
Deceleration: velocity and acceleration have opposite signs
Constant acceleration: equations of motion relate position, velocity, acceleration, and time
Freely falling objects: constant acceleration
g = 9.81 m/s2